Volcanoes

Caldera

\- a volcanic feature that resembles a cooking pot.

Mid ocean ridges

\- When two plates move away from each other, a gap is formed between them.

Convection

\- method of heat transfer by which cold, dense material sinks, whereas hot, less dense material rises.

Tephra

flows- consist of volcanic rocks and crystals.

Volcanic particles

that are ejected into the atmosphere block the sunlight.

Buoyancy

\- the ability to float in the fluid.

Lahar

\- a type of mudflow that consists of water, volcanic ash, pyroclastic materials, and debris.

Solubility

\- the amount of gases that magma can hold.

Summit

\- apex or the highest point, contains the crater.

Conduit

\- pipe or channel that conveys the magma.

Crust

\- the outermost layer of the Earth.

Hot Spot

\- an area in the mantle where rocks melt because of the intense heat.

Magma Chamber Magma Reservoir

\- a large underground pool of molten rocks.

Flanks

________- sides of a Volcano.

Viscosity

\- the higher the temperature, the less viscous.

Silica Content

\- the higher the silica content, the higher the viscous.

Subduction

\- two plates of different densities collide, and the denser (oceanic) plate moves beneath the less dense (continental) plate.

Trenches

\- areas where plates collide, marked by long, deep depression.

Crater

\- mouth of a volcano.

deep underground

Hot water is pumped from ________ through a well under high pressure.

Lava tubes

\- hardened basaltic flows that commonly contain cave- like tunnels.

Amount of dissolved gases

\- dissolved gases can not escape easily which results in an increase in pressure.

steam

The ________ spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.

Pyroclastic materials

\- pulverized rocks, volcanic blocks, basaltic bombs, lava, ash, glass fragments, and gases that volcanoes eject from the vent.

Rhyolitic lava flow

________- has high viscosity.

Branch Pipes

________- originated from conduit.

Pyroclastic surge

\- a high- velocity current of rocks, gases, or water.

Cinder Cone

________ or Scoria Cone- a steep, conical hill of volcanic debris deposited around a volcanic vent.

Andesitic lava flow

________- has a high viscosity.

Pyroclastic

________ flow- a flow of hot, dry mass of gases and fragments.

Active Volcanoes

________- erupted within the last 600 years.

Plate Tectonic Theory

________- Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the Earth's rocky inner layer above the softcore (mantle)

Volcanic ashes

________ are utilized as soil fertilizer.

Crust

the outermost layer of the Earth

PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology)

a government agency that studies and monitors volcanic activities and earthquakes

Pacific Ring of Fire

an active region in the basin of the Pacific Ocean

Trenches

areas where plates collide, marked by long, deep depression

Plate Tectonic Theory

Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the Earth's rocky inner layer above the softcore (mantle)

Convection

method of heat transfer by which cold, dense material sinks, whereas hot, less dense material rises

Subduction

two plates of different densities collide, and the denser (oceanic) plate moves beneath the less dense (continental) plate

Mid-ocean ridges

When two plates move away from each other, a gap is formed between them

Hot Spot

an area in the mantle where rocks melt because of the intense heat

Flanks

sides of a Volcano

Summit

apex or the highest point, contains the crater

Crater

mouth of a volcano

Conduit

pipe or channel that conveys the magma

Branch Pipes

originated from conduit

Magma Chamber / Magma Reservoir

a large underground pool of molten rocks

Caldera

a volcanic feature that resembles a cooking pot

Active Volcanoes

erupted within the last 600 years

Potentially Active Volcanoes

morphologically young-looking volcanoes with no historical record of eruption

Inactive Volcanoes

volcanoes with no record of eruption

Shield Volcano

has a broad summit area that resembles a warriors shield

Cinder Cone or Scoria Cone

a steep, conical hill of volcanic debris deposited around a volcanic vent

Composite Volcano or Stratovolcano

a tall, conical volcano built by several strata or layers of eruptive materials, such as hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash

Lava Flow

a mass of lava or molten rocks flowing downslope from the vent

Types of a Lava flow

1

Andesitic lava flow

has a high viscosity

Rhyolitic lava flow

has high viscosity

Basaltic lava flow

flows in thin, broad sheets because of its low viscosity

1. aa flows

have surfaced of rough, jagged blocks with dangerously sharp edges

2. pahoehoe flows

exhibit smooth surfaces, on which one can walk

Lava tubes

hardened basaltic flows that commonly contain cave-like tunnels

Pyroclastic materials

pulverized rocks, volcanic blocks, basaltic bombs, lava, ash, glass fragments, and gases that volcanoes eject from the vent

Pyroclastic flow

a flow of hot, dry mass of gases and fragments

Pyroclastic surge

a high-velocity current of rocks, gases, or water

Tephra flows

consist of volcanic rocks and crystals

Lahar

a type of mudflow that consists of water, volcanic ash, pyroclastic materials, and debris

Buoyancy

the ability to float in the fluid

Solubility

the amount of gases that magma can hold

Brimming

the magma rises because of the additional push exerted by the injected magma

Viscosity

the higher the temperature, the less viscous

Silica Content

the higher the silica content, the higher the viscous

Amount of dissolved gases

dissolved gases cannot escape easily which results in an increase in pressure

Harnessing

to make and control the use of energy

Fumarole

small holes