GEO01 CO1

Full coverage of CO1 AY 2023-2024

It is the study of Earth

Geology

It is the study of Earth’s materials

Physical Geology

The word geology comes from what words and which language?

geo - Earth

logos - study of

latin

The study of preparation in case of natural disasters

Environmental Geology

An example of a volcanic eruption

1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption

An example of a mudflow

1985 Armero Columbia mudflow

It is a type of system that is self-contained. This system permits energy but not matter.

Closed system

It is a type of system that allows energy and matter to flow in and out the system.

Open System

The gases that envelop the Earth and shallow compared to the Geosphere

Atmosphere

The contents of the atmosphere

78% Nitrogen

21% Oxygen

1% CO2, Argon, Helium, Ne, H, etc.

What are the layers of the atmosphere from lowest to highest?

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere

Why is exosphere not considered as a layer?

There is no pause, meaning it has no clear stop

If the temperature decreases, the altitude rises

Troposphere

It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere

Troposphere

Where airplanes travel

Stratosphere

Where the absorption of UV rays happen

Stratosphere

If the altitude increases, the temperature also increases.

Stratosphere

The coldest region.

Mesopause

It is the least explored layer of the atmosphere.

Mesosphere

If the altitude increases, the temperature decreases

Mesosphere

If the altitude increases, the temperature increases due to the loss of absorption of radiation

Thermosphere

This is where the International Space Station (ISS) orbits the Earth

Thermosphere

If altitude increases, then the temperature remains constant

Pauses in the layers

Isothermal region, meaning the temperature does not change

Pauses in the layers

NASA calls this the “Blue Marble”

Hydrosphere

Contents of the Hydrosphere

71% Ocean

97\.5% saltwater

2\.5% freshwater

Contents of the Northern Hemisphere

61% water

39% land

Contents of the Southern Hemisphere

81% water

19% land

What are the 6 oceans from largest to smallest?

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Antarctic Ocean

Artic Ocean

Also called the Artic Mediterranean Sea; the smallest ocean

Artic Ocean

The meeting of currents near Antarctica.

Antarctic Convergence

What is found in the Atlantic Ocean?

Bermuda Triangle

It includes all life on Earth

Biosphere

What is the key part of the Carbon cycle?

Biosphere

What is the base of the food chain?

Photosynthetic Organisms

The process that created the Earth’s layered structure

Planetary Differentiation

How did the core form?

The denser material sunk to the center of the planet.

How did the crust form?

The less dense material floated to the top.

What are the layers of physical properties?

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Mesosphere

Outer Core

Inner Core

What are the layers of chemical properties?

Crust

Mantle

Core

It is the thinnest layer of the Earth.

Crust

It has two distinct types: Oceanic and Continental

Crust

It is mostly composed of **gigantic rocks** and much **older** than the other type of crust.

Continental

It is mostly composed of **basaltic rocks** and much **younger** than the other type of crust.

Oceanic

It is the thickest layer of the Earth

Mantle

The boundary between the crust and mantle

Mohorovičić Doscontinuity

The Mohorovičić Discontinuity is named after the seismologist

Andrija Mohorovičić

What is the upper mantle’s composition?

peridotite that is made up of olivine

The core is composed of?

mostly iron and nickel

The core comprises _% of the Earth’s volume

16%

The boundary between the core and mantle

Gutenberg Discontinuity

The Gutenberg Discontinuity is named after __

Beno Gutenberg

It is the densest portion of the Earth

Core

This is a type of wave that passes through solid and liquid

P Wave

Primary Wave

This is a type of wave that cannot pass through liquid

S Wave

Shear Wave

It is relatively rigid and is known to **break due to stress** and the site of most earthquakes.

Lithosphere

The uppermost mantle + the crust.

Lithosphere

large fragments that are broken up are called

Lithospheric plates

“Weak” sphere

Asthenosphere

__ is also thought to occur in the asthenosphere

Convection

The lithosphere __ on top of this layer

floats

Because of an ____ (caused by the weight of the rock above), the mantle **gradually strengthens with depth.**

increase in pressure

A liquid layer due to S waves not being able to travel through this layer.

Outer Core

In which core can the Earth’s magnetic field generate?

Outer Core

The boundary between the inner and outer core is the

Lehmann Discontinuity

The Lehmann Discontinuity is discovered by

Inge Lehmann

Despite its higher temperature, the iron in the inner core is

solid

It enhances or dives changes

Positive feedback

Resists change

Negative Feedback

Stabilizes or maintains the system

Negative Feedback

An example of a positive feedback cycle is

\

An example of a negative feedback cycle is

A theory that all present continents once existed as a single supercontinent

Continental Drift Theory

He proposed that the Pangea began breaking into smaller continents, which then drifted to their positions

Alfred Lothar Wegener

What are the evidences of the Continental Drift

Continental Jigsaw Puzzle

Fossil Evidence

Rock Types and Geologic Structures

Ancient Climates

Who constructed a map that pieced together the edges of the continental shelves of South America and Africa

Sir Edward Bullard

A freshwater reptile

Mesosaurus

A fossil “seed fern” identified by its tongue-shaped leaves and seeds

Glossopteris

A land-dwelling reptile

Lystosaurus

The Grand Unifying Theory of Geology

Plate Tectonic Theory

The Asthenosphere flows like the flow of honey due to the small amounts of melting present.

Ductile Behavior

Heat transfer due to the tendency of hotter materials to rise colder material to sink.

Convection

Two plates that are moving away from each other.

Divergent Boundaries

Two plates that are moving towards each other

Convergent Boundaries

Two plates that are sliding past each other.

Transform Fault Boundary

a naturally occurring inorganic, crystalline solid that has a specific chemical composition

mineral

smallest form of energy and matter

atoms

defined by its atomic number which is the number of protons in its nucleus

element

atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons

isotopes

A __ isotope can retain all their protons and neutrons through time

stable isotope

A __ isotope can spontaneously lose protons or neutrons over time

unstable isotope

groups of atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

ions

controlled by valence electrons

bonding

transfer of valence electron

ionic bonding

sharing of valence electron

covalent bonding

electrons flow freely throughout metals

metallic bonding

a group of minerals formed from silicon and oxygen

silicate

Basic structure for silicate materials

isolated silicate structure

chain silicates

sheet silicates

framework silicates

a silicate structure that has no shared oxygen

isolated tetrahedra

a silicate structure that has 2 shared oxygen

chain silicates