Aphy Exam 2

osseous tissue

bone tissue

each individual bone is an organ with tissue, blood, cartilage, nervous tissue, continuously being remodeled

TRUE

functions of the skeletal system

structure, support, movement, protection, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, energy storage

long bones

greater in length than width & contains a shaft and two ends (humerus and femur)

short bones

almost equal length and width, cube-like ()

sesamoid bones

developed within tendons, kind of short bone, patella is only common/universal

flat blones

Generally thin and flat, may be curved (ribs/sternum)

irregular bones

do not fit into any of the other categories, complex shapes (vertebrae)

diaphysis of long bone

shaft, mainly compact bone

epiphyses of long bone

enlarged proximal and distal ends, mainly spongy bone (small amount of compact bone), trabeculae — contain the red bone marrow

metaphyses of long bone

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet, epiphyseal plate/line

epiphyseal plate

area of the bone still growing

epiphyseal line

present when bone stops growing (when )

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses

periosteum

dense irregular connective tissue that covers all of the bone except the articular cartilage

medullary cavity

hollow center within the diaphysis, endosteum, contains yellow bone marrow

yellow bone marrow

stores triglycerides (energy)

endosteum

lines the medullary cavity

Osseous tissue

25% water, 25% collagen fibers, 50% crystalized mineral salts (mainly calcium hydroxyapatite)

bone hardness depends on…

mineral levels

bone flexibility depends on…

collagen fibers

Osteogenic cells

Unspecialized stem cells (undergo cell division)

Osteoblasts

bone building cells, make collagen and initiate calcification

osteocytes

mature bone cells (most numerous)

Osteoclasts

break down old/worn osteocytes

compact bone

tightly packed together, few spaces, external surface of all bones, thicker in diaphysis, thinner in epiphysis, resists stresses of weight bearing and movement

Spongy bone

Not tightly paced together, has spaces (trabeculae/red bone marrow), makes the bones lighter, located where bones are not heavily stressed (hips, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, epiphysis of long bones)

lacunae

Contains osteocytes, connected by canaliculi - route for nutrient & waste exchange

does spongy bone have osteons?

NO

Intramembranous ossification

how flat bones form

Endochondral ossification

Replacement of cartilage by osseous tissue, most bones will form this way

Factors affecting bone growth

Nutrition, Hormones, Exercise, Sunlight exposure

axial skeleton

skull, auditory bones, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

Upper and lower limb bones, pelvic and pectoral girdles

An adult has ____ bones

206

Cranial bones

encloses and protects the brain

Facial bones

makes up the face

external acoustic meatus

bone marking on skull where ears are

foreamen magnum

hole in skull that separates cranial cavity and spinal canal

paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

spaces on babies’ skulls where sutures will form

fontanels (Anterior, posterior, anterior lateral (2), posterior lateral (2))

bone typically only broken when choked or hung

hyoid bone

vertebral column functions:

Supports head and trunk, Protects spinal cord, Movement

ribs

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae

5 sacral (fused) = sacrum; 4 coccygeal (fused) = coccyx

hole within stacked vertebrae

Intervertebral foramen

space (joint) between vertebrae

Intervertebral disc

true ribs

1-7

false ribs

8-12

floating ribs (still considered false ribs)

11-12

Top of sternum

manubrium

bottom of sternum

xiphoid process

scapula includes..

Spine, Acromion process, Coracoid process, Glenoid cavity

Acetabulum

where femur goes on ischium (ball and socket joint)

A Joint/articulation is a point of contact between..

two bones, bone and cartilage, bone and teeth

Joints…

Bind parts of the skeletal system together, Makes bone growth possible, Permits parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth, Enables the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions

structural classifications of bones:

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

structural classifications of bones is based on…

anatomical characteristics and type of connective tissue binding the bone

functional classification of bones:

Synarthrotic, Amphiarthrotic, Diarthrotic

Synarthrotic

immovable

Amphiarthrotic

slightly moveable

Diarthrotic

freely moveable

Fibrous joints

Held closely together by fibrous connective tissue

• Sutures on skull bones, interosseous ligament, teeth and mandible/maxilla

Cartilaginous joints

Allows little or no movement, held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage — epiphyseal plates and pubic synthesis

Synovial joints

Most common type of joint, Diathrotic

articular cartilage

on the end of both bone coming together to form a joint, reduces friction

articular capsule

fibrous and synovial membranes

synovial cavity

contains synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

Viscous, clear (or pale yellow) fluid, Reduces friction by lubrication, Absorbs shock, Place for nutrient and waste exchange, Contains phagocytic cells

Types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket

Plane (gliding) synovial joint

mostly flat surfaces - Carpals, tarsals, SC joint, AC joint, vertebrocostal

Hinge synovial joint

convex surface fits into a concave surface - Elbow, knee, between phalanges

Pivot (trochoid) synovial joint

rounded surface fits into a ring of another - Atlas/axis (C1/C2), proximal radius/ulna

Condylar (ellipsoidal) synovial joint

convex oval fits into an oval depression - Wrist, 2-5 metacarpal phalanges joint (MCP joint)

Saddle (sellar) synovial joints

saddle shaped concave fits into saddle shaped convex - Thumb (carpal & metacarpal of thumb)

Ball-and-socket synovial joint

ball-like surface fits into cup-like depression - Shoulder, hip

Origin

relatively fixed end of a skeletal muscle

Insertion

more movable end of a skeletal muscle

Movement at a joint occurs when…

a muscle contracts, and its fibers pull the insertion towards the origin

flexion

decreases an angle of a joint

extension

increases an angle of a joint

ABduction

movement of a body part AWAY from the midline

ADduction

movement of a body part TOWARD the midline

rotation

movement on an axis

circumduction

movement around an axis

inversion

movement of the sole of the foot inward

eversion

movement of the sole of the foot outward

protraction

movement of a body part anterior in horizontal plane

retraction

movement of a body part posterior in horizontal plane

elevation

movement of a body part superior in a vertical plane

depression

movement of a body part inferior in a vertical plane

dorsiflextion

movement of the foot upwards (toes toward shin)

plantarflexion

movement of the foot downward (toes away from shin)

supination

movement when the palm of the hand is facing anterior (up in AP)

pronation

movement when the palm of the hand is facing posterior (back in AP)

opposition

movement in which the thumb can touch all other fingers 👌

Primary function of the muscular system:

turn chemical energy into mechanical energy

Muscle will make up about ____% of total body weight

40-50%

three types of muscle tissue:

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal muscular tissue

Attached to bones of skeleton, voluntary (consciously controlled)

cardiac muscular tissue

Makes up most of the wall of the heart, Involuntary (non-consciously-controlled), Responsible for pumping action of the heart