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Mediator variables
Variables that explain how or why one variable influences another.
Moderator variables
Variables that change the strength or direction of the relationship between two variables.
Difference between mediators and moderators
Mediators explain how or why a relationship occurs; moderators explain when or for whom it changes.
Pattern and parsimony
Pattern means identifying consistent relationships in data; parsimony means preferring the simplest explanation that adequately explains the evidence.