CSD 101: Speech Sound and Fluency Disorders Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards reviewing core terminology, assessment tools, and intervention techniques for speech sound disorders and fluency disorders from CSD 101 lectures 7 through 10.

Articulation

The approach or contact of two speech organs or articulators to produce speech sounds.

Articulator

One of several parts of the vocal tract used to form speech sounds, such as the lips, tip of the tongue, upper teeth, and hard palate.

Consonants

Speech sounds made with a constriction in the vocal tract that slows down or stops airflow from the lungs for an interval of time, described by place, manner, and voicing.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A standard phonetic transcription system used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) featuring a one-to-one correspondence between each speech sound and symbol to transcribe typical and atypical speech across all world languages.

Vowels

Speech sounds produced with an unobstructed airstream where articulators do not come close together, categorized by tongue position (height and advancement) and lip rounding.

Substitution

An articulation error where one sound is replaced by another sound, such as producing 'tea' for 'key' or 'pway' for 'play'.

Omission

An articulation error characterized by the deletion or leaving out of a speech sound, such as saying 'nake' for 'snake' or 'she' for 'sheep'.

Distortion

An articulation error where a speech sound is produced in an imprecise or non-standard manner, such as a lateralized /s/ in 'see' or nasalization in 'bee'.

Addition

An articulation error involving the insertion of an extra speech sound into a word, such as saying 'duguh' for 'dog' or 'bulack' for 'black'.

Speech Intelligibility

A measure of how easy it is to understand a speaker, calculated formulaically as $\text{Speech Intelligibility} = \frac{\text{Number of intelligible words}}{\text{Total number of words}} \times 100$.

Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3rd Edition (GFTA-3)

A standardized clinical assessment tool used by SLPs to evaluate a child's speech sound production in single words and compare performance against age-matched peers.

Minimal Pair

A set of two words that differ by only a single speech sound (phoneme), used in intervention to contrast a child's error production with the target word (e.g., 'tea' vs. 'key').

Stuttering

An ASHA-defined speech disfluency condition characterized by monosyllabic whole-word repetitions, part-word repetitions, audible sound prolongations, or silent blockages, which may include secondary escape or avoidance behaviors.

Core Behaviors

The primary, involuntary speech events of stuttering, specifically consisting of repetitions, prolongations, and blockages.

Prolongations

A core stuttering behavior involving the audible lengthening of a speech sound, such as 'Sssssssseven o'clock'.

Blockages

A core stuttering behavior consisting of silent fixations or inaudible pauses during speech production, such as 'Base(pause)ball'.

Secondary Behaviors

Physical actions (e.g., eye blinking, facial tension) and negative feelings/attitudes (e.g., fear, shame, reduced locus of control) developed to escape or avoid stuttering events.

Developmental Stuttering

The most common form of stuttering that typically emerges during early childhood between 2 and 5 years of age.

Acquired/Neurogenic Stuttering

A form of speech disfluency caused directly by neurological events, head trauma, stroke, brain tumors, or degenerative diseases.

The Rainbow Passage

A standardized phonetically balanced reading text used during speech evaluations to gather reading samples and calculate the percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS).

Indirect Stuttering Intervention

A fluency treatment approach targeting environmental modifications (e.g., slowing speech rate, providing wait time, reducing questions) rather than directly instructing speech mechanics, typically used with young children.

Direct Stuttering Intervention

A fluency treatment approach where the SLP directly teaches physical speech modification strategies to manage disfluency events.

Gentle Voice Onset

A direct stuttering intervention technique, also known as easy onset, that involves starting vocal fold vibration slowly and softly.

Pull-out

A direct stuttering intervention technique where the speaker modifies an active stuttering event by slowing down speech movement while in the middle of the word.

Cancellation

A direct stuttering intervention technique in which the speaker completes a stuttered word, pauses briefy, and then reproduces the word again slowly and fluently.