Biology - Musculoskeletal system

Smooth surface

________, allowing tissue to slide /glide easily and provides flexibility and support.

Opposition

________- bringing the thumb in contact to a finger.

Tendons

________ and ligaments are attached to the bones at the periosteum.

Epiphysis

________ meets diaphysis in the metaphysis, a narrow area containing the epiphyseal plate or growth plate.

Matrix

________ is firm and flexible in cartilage but tough and inflexible in bones.

Collagen

________ forms a forms a soft network and calcium phosphate hardens and strengthens it, allowing bones to be flexible and durable.

Depression

________- inferiorly to the reference axis.

Reposition

________- separating the thumb from the digits.

Circumduction

________- combination of: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction.

Periosteum

________ covers entire surface of the bone except where epiphysis meets the other bones to form joints.

Fast

________ oxidative fibers- contracts muscle quickly, generates more power, calve muscles do more work in acceleration, fatigues quickly.

Deviation

________- ulnar and radial abduction of the wrist.

Mnemonic

________- 'Supinate to the Sun and Pronate to the Plants ' (Supinate: palm towards the Sun, Pronate: palm towards the Plants)

Adduction

________- coming closer to center of body.

vertebrates

Prevents the ________ from grinding and eroding.

little movement

12 thoracic- ________, firmly attached to ribs and sternum.

Abduction

________- moving away from center of body.

Pronation

________- medial rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly (if in anatomical position) or inferiorly (if elbow is flexed)

Supination

________- lateral rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm facing out from the body.

Inversion

________- plantar side toward the medial plane.

Transverse

________ processes is for ligament attachment.

embryonic stage

In ________, bone starts as hyaline cartilage but later ossifies.

Fibrous cartilage

________ is in the intervertebral discs, the menisci, the callus, between the pubic symphysis and at the junction where tendons insert into the bone.

Chondrocytes

________ are located between a network of threadlike elastic fibers, making it flexible and resilient due to the abundance of elastic fibers.

Appendicular skeleton

________ is appendages (things that are added or attached) such as upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle and shoulder girdle.

Fibers

________ allow cartilage to be able to be drawn and stretched and provide a smooth surface for movement of bones at the joint.

Cardiac muscle

________- found in the walls of the heart.

Skull

________ provides protection and structure to the brain, eyes, muscular attachments to the face and nerves and vessels that are somewhat connected to the brain or face.

3 forms of cartilage

hyaline, fibrous, elastic

Each one has 3 components

vertebral body, vertebral arch and transverse processes

7 cervicals

back of neck

12 thoracic

little movement, firmly attached to ribs and sternum

5 lumbar

lower back, weight bearing

5 fused of the sacral region

connects spine to hip bone

4 fused in the coccyx

balance when sitting, helps with pelvic floor

Extension

straightening

Abduction

moving away from center of body

Adduction

coming closer to center of body

Protrusion

forward

Retrusion

backward

Elevation

superiorly to the reference axis

Depression

inferiorly to the reference axis

Lateral rotation

rotation going out from center of body

Medial rotation

rotation coming towards the center of body

Pronation

medial rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly (if in anatomical position) or inferiorly (if elbow is flexed)

Supination

lateral rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm facing out from the body

Deviation

ulnar and radial abduction of the wrist

Opposition

bringing the thumb in contact to a finger

Reposition

separating the thumb from the digits

Inversion

plantar side toward the medial plane

Eversion

plantar side away from the medial plane

Three types of muscle

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

Smooth muscle

lines the walls of inner organs

Found in the walls of hollow organs

intestines, stomach, trachea, uterus (for women), urinary bladder

Skeletal muscle

attached to bones by tendons and the most common muscle

Cardiac muscle

found in the walls of the heart

Fast oxidative fibers 

contracts muscle quickly, generates more power, calve muscles do more work in acceleration, fatigues quickly