The Skeletal System: Articulation

What is the joining of structures at a joint

Articulation

How many functions do joints have?

2; hold bones together and make movement between bones possible

How are joints classified?

by how much movement they allow

What are immovable joints known as?

Synarthroses joints

What is an example of a synarthroses joint?

sutures in the skull

What is an example of an amphiarthroses joint?

Joints between vertebrae

What joints allow for minimal movement

amphiarthroses joints

What joints allow for free movement

Diarthroses joints

all are parts of the diarthroses joints except

joint nerve

What is the joint capsule made of

fibrous connective tissue

What lines the joint capsule

smooth synovial membrane

What is the name lubricant the smooth synovial membrane secrete?

synovial fluid

Layers of __________ cover the ends of bones to absorb shock.

articular cartilage

______ extend from the periosteum of each bone to assist in keeping the bones firmly attached together

ligaments

What are flattened pads of cartilage found in some movable joints?

menisci

What are fluid filled sacks some freely movable joints have?

bursae (bursa singular)

A ball-shaped head of one bone that fits into a concave socket of another bone and provide a wide range of motion.

Ball socket

What is an example of a ball socket?

Hips & shoulders

Oval shaped condyle of one bone that articulates with the elliptical surface of another and allows movement in a variety of planes but not rotation.

Condyloid

What is an example of an condyloid joint?

Metacarples

Nearly flat or slightly curved bones articulating to allow sliding and twisting movements

Gliding

What is an example of a gliding joint?

Clavicle over the sternum

Convex surface of one bone that fits into the concave surface of another and allows movement in one plane only (forward/backwards)

Hinge

What is an example of a hinge joint?

Knees & phalangies

Round structure that swings around ring of bone with which it articulates and is limited to rotation movement.

Pivot

Example of a pivot joint is _____.

Skull on the axis

Formed between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions (bones that compliment eachother) and allows both to have concave and conduct movements.

Saddle

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Metacarpal of the thumb

Involves the displacement of bones at a joint usually as a result of a fall or some other abnormal body movement.

Dislocation

What body part is the most likely to be dislocated?

Shoulder

The result of stretching/tearing ligaments at a joint without dislocating the bones (usually caused by twisting the joint)

Sprains

Inflammation of the bursa due to excessive use or stress on the bursa (often tennis elbow)

Bursitis

When Bursitis is in the knee it is called what?

housemaid knee/water on the knee

Bursitis is treated by

removing excessive fluid by needle or injecting anti-inflammatory drugs

The condition that causes inflamed, swollen, and painful joints.

Arthritis

The type of arthritis that is the most painful and potentially crippling type where the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and grows thicker. From damage to cartilage as fibrous tissues invade the joint and may become ossified so that the bones fuse.

Rheumatoid

Rheumatoid arthritis’ cause is unknown however it is assumed it comes from _____

autoimmune diseases

The type of arthritis that is a degenerative disease which is a result from aging. It causes articular cartilage to soften and gradually disintegrates causing the bones to have a rough surface leading to soreness and reduced movement.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is most common in what body part?

The knee/ lower back (lumbar vertebrae)

A metabolic disease in which excessive uric acid in the blood may be deposited as needle shaped crystals in the joints, causing them to become inflamed, swollen, and painful. (sometimes triggered by food and is thought to be genetic)

Gout

T/F: Gout is more common in females over males

False

An inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse. Its symptoms include pain and swelling. Treatment includes rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Tendonitis

What is the quick but very invasive process of replacing a joint (often the hip or knee) with artificial devices

Arthroplasty

T/F: The types of movement possible at synovial joints depends on the shapes of the articulating surfaces of the bones and the positions of the ligaments and nearby muscles and tendons.

True

Synovial joints are another way to say _____ joints

diarthroses

All synovial joints however, permit one or more of the following types of movements except

pivoting

All synovial joints however, permit one or more of the following types of movements except

spinning

in _______ movements the individual moves the joint or body part through it’s range of motion

active

In ____ movements the physician moves the body part/joint with the muscles relaxed

passive

If a joint has an obvious increase or limitation in its range of motion, a specialized instrument called a _________ is used to measure the angle.

goniometer

_____ movements change the size of the angle between articulating bones.

Angular

A decrease in the angle between bones. It bends/folds one part on another.

Flexion

Example of Flexion:

chin to chest/bending arm to elbow

An increase in the angle between bones. It returns a part from it’s flexed position back to its anatomical position. Stretching and straightening movements

Extension

Example of extension

straightening knee

Stretching an extended part beyond its anatomical position

Hyperextension

When the foot is stretched down and back. It increases the angle between between the top of the foot and the front of the leg. Also referred to ad extension of the leg as a whole.

Plantar flexion

When the foot is tilted upward thus decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg.

Dorsiflexion

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Abduction

moves a body part towards the midline of the body.

Adduction

_____ movements result in the arc like rotation of a structure around an axis.

Circular

Consists of pivoting a bone on its own axis.

Rotation

Moves a part of the body so it’s distal end moves in a circle.

Circumduction

Turns the hand so that the palm is upward.

Supination

turns the hand so that the palm is downward

Pronation

_____ movements are the simplest of all movements where one flat (or nearly flat) bone surface moves or slips over another similar surface.

Gliding

______ movements are often unique or unusual movement that occur only in a very limited number of joints. These movements do not fit into the other categories and are generally described separately.

Special

turning the foot so that the sole is inward

Inversion

Turning the foot so that the sole is outward

Eversion

Moves a part forward

Protraction

Moves a part backwards

Retraction

Moves a part up/raises a body part

Elevation

Moves a body part down or lowers a body part

Depression

The action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the fingers on the same hand. It allows for grasping and manipulation of arms.

Opposition

Because joints are constantly stretched and compressed, they must be stabilized so that they do not _______

Dislocate

The stability of of a joint depends on what?

All of the above

Shallow sockets or noncomplementary articulating surfaces called ____ that hinder joint stability.

Misphits

The more _____ a joint has the stronger/ more stable the joint is

Ligaments

A ligament that is stretched will stay that way and can only stretch about ____% of it’s length

6

When ligaments are the major means of branching a joint, the joint is _____

not very stable

The muscle tendons that cross the joint are the most important _____

stabilizing factor

T/F: A tones muscle is one that is healthy and ready to react to stimulation.

True

Muscle tone is important in reinforcing what body part

All of the above

______ joints are those in which the bones are separated by a fluid filled cavity

Synovial

All synovial joints are _____

Diarthroses

Part of synovial joints that covers opposing bone surfaces; functions to absorb compression in the joint

Articular cartilage

A space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid

Joint cavity

Composed of 2 layers; an outer layer that strengthens the joint and an inner layer that is composed of synovial membrane.

Articular capsule

Which layer of the Articular capsule is the tough fibrous capsule that is continuous with the posterium and is used to strengthen the joint so the bones are not pulled appart.

external

Which layer of the articular capsule is composed of synovial membrane?

Inner

This lubricating fluid occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule. It is derived from blood filtration flowing through the capillaries in the synovial membrane. The fluid has a viscous egg-white consistency but thins when is is warmed during physical activity.

Synovial fluid

Synovial fluid is pushed out of the cartilage when the joint is compressed and will soak back into the cartilage, like water into a sponge, when this action stops is referred to as _____

weeping lubrication

Functions of weeping lubrication include:

All of the above

Synovial fluid also contains ____ cells which rid the joint of microbes or debrie.

phagocytic

Cords of connective tissue which reinforce and strengthen a joint. Most are either intrinsic or capsular (meaning they are part of the fibrous capsule.

Reinforcing ligaments

Distinct and found on the outside of the reinforcing ligaments capsule

extra capsular

Deep to the reinforcing ligiments

intra capsular

Ligaments are richly supplied with _______ that monitor the position of their joints

nerve endings

The shoulder joint is made up of these joints except the ____

Sturnum