AP Envi Modules 15-18

population growth rate

the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period minus the deaths of the offspring or parent during the same period

biotic potential

with ideal conditions and unlimited resources, every population has a max potential for growth

K-selected species

species that remain around carrying capacity for a long period of time, and abide by the resources present in the ecosystem

carrying capacity

the limit to the number of individuals that can possibly be supported by a habitat or ecosystem (denoted as K)

r-selected species

species that live by biotic potential, and have as many offspring as possible to maximize their odds of survival

overshoot

when a population grows larger than the environments’s carrying capacity

dieback

rapid decine in a population due to death

survivorship curve

graph that represents the patterns of survival of a species as a age function

Type I survivorship curve

pattern of high survival over time, large numbers of old age death

Type II survivorship curve

pattern of survival over time with a constant decline of surviving over the entire lifespan

Type III survivorship curve

pattern of survival over time with a high death rate early in life, leading to few adults

density-dependent factor

factor that influences an individual’s portability of survival and reproduction based on the size of the population

density-independent factor

factor that influences an individuals possibility of survival and reproduction at any population size

population growth models

mathametical equations that can predict a population size at any moment in time

fecundity

the ability to produce an abundunce of offspring

exponential growth model

a growth model that estimates a population’s future size after a period of time based on the biotic potential and the number of individuals that currently reproduce.

J-shaped curve

the curve of an exponential growth model

logisitc growth model

a growth model described a population that starts growing exponentially, but slows as it reaches carrying capacity

S-shaped curve

the shape of the logisitc growth model when graphed

limiting resource

a resource a populatiopn cannot live without that is far less available then the population needs it to be in order to increase in size

I=PAT equation

your impact on the environment = population size x amount of affluence you have x technology

affluence

wealth

doubling time

70 / growth rate

density formula

number of individuals / area

demography

the study of human populations and population trends

demographer

a scientist in the field of demography

immigration

the movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region

emigration

the movement of people out of a country or region

crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of births per 1,000 people per yearly

crude death rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per 1,000 people yearly

net migration rate

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country

life expectancy

the average number of years that an infant born in a year in a country can be expected to live

infant mortality

the number of deaths of children under a year old per 1,000 births

child mortality

the number of deaths of children under 5 per 1,000 births

environmental justice

the study of the exposure to environmental hazards experienced by colored people, immigrations, and low-income people

developing countries

countries with low levels of industrialization and income

developed countries

countries with high levels of industrialization and income

population momentum

continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented

total fertility rate (TFR)

estimate of average number of children had per women during non-menopause years

family planning

regulation of offspring through birth control

replacement level fertility

TFR required to offset the average number of deaths in order to maintain. Typically 2 - 2.1 in developed countries, higher elsewhere

doubling time formula

number of years for a population to double, 70 / growth rate %

rule of 70

dictates that by divind 70 by percent population growth rate, we can determine doubling time

theory of demographic transition

a country goes from high to low birth and death rates as it develops and moves from preindustrial to industrial