Music Appreciation Eras tour pt 1

Important Dates (all ad)

• Middle ages _______

• Renaissance _______

• Baroque_______

450-1450, 1450-1600, 1600-1750

Defining characteristics of music from middle ages:

• Was: ____phonic, mostly/all ______, mostly ______ music

• had no: ____, ______, __________

monophonic, vocal, sacred, beats, harmony, instruments

Gregorian Chant:

• Era:____

• sacred or secular? ______

• Important musicians? ______

• Official music for the ________

• consists of a ____ set to ___ ____ ___ and sung without ______ so texture is ______

• emotion is ____ and ________

• rhythm is ____ with no ____

• notes moved in ____ intervals

• began as an ___ tradition. first music to be notated but without standard notation, difficult to tell how it sounds

middle ages, sacred, priests working for churches, roman church, melody, sacred latin text, accompaniment, monophonic, calm, otherworldly, flexible, beat, small, oral,

5 types of middle age songs:

gregorian chants, troubadour song, organum, polyphonic chanson, polyphonic mass

Troubadour/Trouvere/Trabaritz

• Era:______

• sacred or secular?______

• active in southern france and played for both ______ and in ____ coming from diverse backgrounds

• important musicians: _____________ only troubarits with lyrics and melody preserved with musical notation, only 10% of 25000 existing troubadour songs survived with melodies

Middle ages, secular, nobility, towns, countess of dia

Minstrels

• Era: ______

• performed acrobatics, _____, told stories, danced

• entertained in everywhere

• lowest social standing with slaves and prostitutes

• had no civil rights

• but were an important source of ___ at a time with no new

middle ages, music, info

Organum

• era:______

• basically ______ ______ with additional _______ added by monks

• made the chants more attractive

• School of Notre Dame: paris became center of of _______ ____ in 1150

• Important musicians: choirmasters/conductors _____ and _____ are among first to be known by name, sung organums, followers are referred to as School of Notre Dame. rhythm developed here, measured rhythm with clear meter, beats divided in three to rep holy trinity

middle ages, gregorian chants, melodies, polyphonic mass, Leonin, perotin,

Ars Nova

• Era______

• _____ over virtue, ____ over sacred

• rejected roman empire thought-heretics

• Texture:_____ Not based on gregorian chants

• music notation indicated almost any rhythmic pattern and developed syncopation (specifically divide in 2s and 3s)

• important composer:_____ __ _______ decline of the church reflected in his music

late middle ages, sensuality, secular, polyphonic, Guillaume de Machaut

Polyphonic Chanson

• Era: late______ ____ and _______

• Sacred or secular?_____

• ____ ____ french song with two or more independent melodies

• Important composer: _______ __ _______

middle ages, renaissance, secular, multi voice, Guillaume de Machaut

Polyphonic Mass

• Catholic mass where multiple _______ ______ _____sound at the same time rather than a single chant

• multiple voice parts

• important composer:

independent melodic lines, Guillaume de Machaut

Defining characteristics of Renaissance Music-

• had both secular and sacred music

• still had emphasis on ____ music

• used techniques like ___ _______ and ________-was the Golden Era of this technique

• Word Painting: _____musical _____ of specific words, prominent technique

• no extreme contrast of ____ ___ _____, or ______

• texture: _____ mainly but can vary within a piece, even 6 at a time, but other texture is used in lighter pieces like dances

• rhythm and melody: a ____ ___ not a sharp defined beat bcs melodic line has great ______ _______

• easy melodies but singer must maintain rhythm

• Composers: Carlos Gesualdo, Josquin des Prez, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Wedkes, John Dowland

vocal, word painting, acapella, literal, depictions, dynamics, tone, color, or rhythm, polyphonic, gentle flow, rhythmic independence

Renaissance Motet:

• started in middle ages but flourished in renaissance

• Texture?______

• Sacred or Secular______

• sung _______

• featured lyrics from sacred text not the ordinary

• ____ sounding and _______

• Important Composer: _____ ____ _____ (1450-1521): wrote ____, _____, and ______. preferred _____ _______ rather than lengthy melismatic melodies, big influence and first to retain posthumous fames

• Prominent song: Ave Maria virgos serena: motet, 4 voices, lyrics taken from latic prayer, polyphonic, imitative, intro to meter-duple and triple

polyphonic, sacred, acapella, smooth, imitative, Josquin des Prez, motets, masses, chansons, single syllables

Renaissance mass

• era______

• Texture?______

• sacred or secular:______

• first developed in middle ages

• sung________

• lyrics from the ___ _______: the 5 text/songs that remain the same at every catholic mass (Kyrie, gloria, sanctus, and the agnus dei)

• Important composer: ________________________(1525-1594): italian composer, dedictaed his life to catholic church, composed a lot, became _____ for church music

• Important song: Pope Marcellus: renaissance mass, 6 voices, lyrics from mass ordinary, polyphonic, most famous of Palestrina.

renaissance, polyphonic, sacred, acapella, mass ordinary, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, model

Vocal music in renaissance

• Texture:_____

• music was set to _____ in _____ _______

• printing helped spread secular music esp. among educated persons

• sung _____ or with _____ _______

Madrigal:

• in renaissance era, composed for ____ ___ ____ set to a ____ ____usually about love originating in italy

• texture:

• Prominent song: As Vesta was descending (Thomas Wedkins 1601) abt Queen Elizabeth I, lots of word painting

renaissance, polyphonic, poems, various languages, acapella, instrumental accompaniment, several solo voices, short poem, homophonic and polyphonic combined,

Renaissance Lute Song

• era:_____

• Texture:

• sacred or secular?_____

• simpler type of music than madrigal written for ___ and ___, versatile and popular

• lute is a plucked string instrument half pear shaped, originated from the arab instrument ud

• prominent song: Flow my tears by ____ ______ (1600)has three section (ABC) lots of word painting

renaissance, homophonic, secular, voice, lute, John Dowland

Baroque Era:

• 1600-1750

• bizarre, fill space with action and movement, lots of life, expand dramatic color, depth, contrast of light and dark

  • 
    

• key features:

• Texture:____

• popularization of _______

• church modes fade, intro of major and minor scales

• Sacred or Secular?___________________

• Unity of ____begins and ends the same basic mood

• Affections: _____ ____ composers molded music to depict affections using specific rhythms or melodic patterns associated with mood

• continuity of _____, ____, and ______ will often repeat to create sense of unity of mood

• Terraced dynamics: sudden changes in dynamics due to organs and harpsichords inability to cresc.

• soprano and bass are most important lines

homophonic, instruments, both sacred was powerful and secular grew exponentially, mood, emotional states, rhythm, melody, dynamics

Basso Continuo: the ______ part including ______ and _______. a continuous bass line with improvised chords. instruments can include harpsicord, organ, lute, guitar, cello, bass, viola, bassoon

• technique from baroque era

accompaniment, bassline, harmonies

J.S. Bach (1685-1750)

• wrote all ______ era music everything except opera, wrote a lot of ____ music for lutheran church

• religious, music is staple in music education, uses ______ texture and rich ______

• Prominent song: Brandenburg COncerto No 5 in D Major (1721): used string orch and a group of _____ harpsicord is doing basso continuo, 3 movements: fast, slow, fast

baroque, vocal, polyphonic, harmony, soloist

Concerto/ Concerto Grosso

• Era:______

• in a concerto grosso, a small group of ____ is pitted against larger group of player (_____)

• Ritornello Form: trading back and forth between _____ and _______ where the ritornello is the theme presented by the tutti

baroque, soloists, tutti, tutti, soloists

The fugue:

• texture:_____

• can be for ____ or for a group of _____ or a single keyboard inst.

• based on on one main theme (_____)

• always begin with subject being presented alone and repeat in rounds or one after another, stay the same theme but can change

• not as popular anymore but important for music training

• Prominent Song: Organ Fugue in G minor (JS Bach) minor key, duple meter

polyphonic, instruments, subject,

Chorale

• aka ___ ___ are german religious text set to music

• lutheran church used this to promote participation from congregation during service who sung from childhood,

• Characteristics

  • ____to remember

  • _____pitch per syllable

  • _____ ______

hymn tunes, easy, one, steady rhythm

Church Cantata

• not a sing along, rather a musical showcase

• ____ music performed during service composed for cho3rus, vocal solo, organ, small orch

• primary means of musical expression for lutheran service

• abt 25 mins in length, composed of numerous ____ songs

• reminiscent of ____ without the theatrics

• lyrics came from german religious texts new or familiar hymns

• Cantata _____ and _____ ministers and sermons, has director

• Prominent Song: Awake a voice is calling (JS Bach 1731): lots of instruments, chorus and orch

sacred, smaller, opera, corresponds, reinforces

Oratorio

• ____ _____ _______for chorus, vocal soloist, orch, set to a narrative

• Sacred or Secular?____

• based on biblical stories but not meant to be performed at religious service

• composed of several smaller shorter pieces like choruses, arias, recitatives, orch interludes

• similar to an opera minus theatrics

• prominent piece: Messiah (Handel 1741): 2hrs and 3 parts. most well known GF Handel piece.

large scale composition, sacred

Aria

• ____ _____ ____ that comes from a longer work such as an opera, oratorio, cantata

• purpose is to showcase vocalist

• _____texture

solo vocal piece, homophonic

George Frideric Handel (1685-1759): german→england, child prodigy, considered bach’s equal, large music output, composed mostly: ____ _____ and ______ _____ mostly known for his ____

• Characteristics: more changes in musical texture than was common, polyphonic, combine 2 diff melodies, sharp changes in ____ and emotions through shifting between major and minor tonalities

english oratorios, italian operas, arias, mood