Better midterm

This is the foundational order of the international system, defined as the absence of a central authority of global government

What is anarchy?

What is this an example of? In the South China Sea territorial disputes, sovereign claims from Vietnam, the Philippines, and China cannot appeal to a global police to enforce maritime boundaries, which makes states rely on its own resources

This is an example of anarchy.

Relevance: Since there is no global authority to enforce agreements states operate in a (ANSWER A) environment where (ANSWER B) or deployments of military force is the ultimate method to preserve survival

self-help, threats

This is a dynamic in which one state takes actions to increase its security, inadvertently diminishes the security of others

What is the security dilemma?

What is this an example of? China intervening in the Korean War because the United States was pushing close to China’s border

This is an example of the security dilemma

Relevance: the ____ demonstrates how conflict can erupt between states and how the use of force can be driven by structural fear and mainatining survival

security dilemma

This is the strategy of accumulating material capabilities, either internally (military arming) or externally (forming alliances) to check, limit, or oppose a rising threat

What is Balancing?

What is this an example of? The pivot to Asia strategy was implemented to deter a growing China

This is an example of the balancing strategy.

Relevance: ____ is the primary mechanisms states employ under anarchy to deter potential aggressors, prevent regional hegemoney; however, ____ can be used to fuel national objectives (maintaining influence)

the balancing strategy

This is when a state’s internal political organization, interest groups, and ideology shape what the state wants to achieve in global affairs

What is domestic preferences?

What is this an example of? Japan, 1930s: an imperial army wanting expansion in China, an imperial navy wanting dominance over the United States, and an overall ideology that Japanese were superior to other Asians.

This is an example of domestic preferences

Relevance: ____ explain that an internal coalition(s) can drive states towards overexpansion or unnecessary wars

Domestic preferences

This refer to the institutional rules, checks and balances, legal/constitutional hurdles that restrict what a leader can achieve

What are domestic constraints?

What is this an example of: Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, anti-militarist norms,and strict legislative oversight historically restricted Japanese prime ministers from deploying the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) in overseas combat operations,

this is an example of domestic constraints

Relevance: Domestic _____ can limit the implmentation of force and even what types of force can be used

constraints

These are formal or informal commitments between independent states to coordinate behavior or offer mutual support

What are alliances?

What is this an example of? The U.S.-Japan Treaty obligates the United States to defend Japan if attacked, while providing the U.S. with military bases across Japan

This is an example of an alliance.

Relevance: ____ allow states to pool resources to deter adversaries or win wars, but they can also induce dilemmas like entrapement, abadonment, or cheap riding

alliances

This is the threat or deployment of organized physical violence by political actors to achieve certain objectives

What is force?

What is this an example of? China deploys naval vessels in the South China Sea and even shoots Philippine vessels (with water) to maintain its objective of having total control

This is an example of force

Relevance: ____ is the ultimate instrument under anarchy, has specific modes (defensive, deterrent, compellent, and swaggerings) and is essential for planning and analyzing policies

force

Within alliances, this is when one state exits a commitment or fails to honor its obligations

What is abandonment?

What is this an example of? Conservative parties in South Korea fear a reduced American presence, especially given the nuclear threats from North Korea, China, and Russia.

This is an example of abandonment.

Relevance: ____ can force states to bandwagon with local threats or even influence them to perform risky activities such as obtaining nuclear weapons

Abandonment

Within alliances: this is where a state feels compelled to defend an ally involved in a crisis or conflict, even if the fighting doesn’t align with its strategic interests

What is entrapment?

What is this an example of? Progressive parties in South Korea feel scared that they will be dragged into an American-initiated conflict against North Korea

This is an example of entrapment.

Relevance: ____ can either drag weaker powers into great power conflicts. However, smaller actors can drag bigger powers into conflicts, which can escalate conflicts

Entrapment

This is an alliance dynamic where a smaller or protected ally underinvests in its own military defense capabilities because they rely on a stronger patron to bear the costs.

What is cheap riding?

What is this an example of: Trump asking Japan to increase its defense spending to 3-5% of GDP as it heavily relies on America for defense

This is an example of cheap riding

Relevance: _____ places financial and military burden onto patron states and can undermine collective deterrence

cheap riding

A form of moral hazard in alliances where a protected ally pursues aggressive, or risk-acceptant policies toward a rival because it expects a stronger ally to back it up

What is reckless driving?

What is this an example of? Japan could take reckless action against China within the East China Sea, as these lands, under Japanese administration, are covered under the U.S.-Japan Security Alliance.

This is an example of reckless driving

Relevance: _____ distories decision-maing, increases crisis, and heightens the risk of triggering great-power wars

Reckless driving

This is the internal accumulation of a state’s own material capabilities (military hardware, personnel, etc) to offset external threats

What is arming?

What is this an exmaple of? In a hypothical situation, if America were to pull its infleunce away from the Indo-Pacfic, Japan may feel inclined to re-arm themselves and look towards gaining nuclear capabilities

This is an example of arming

Relevance: ____ provides national control over defense policy without alliance management risks, financially costly, slow to build, and can trigger security dilemmas.

arming

This is from Stephen Walt’s alliance theory, asserting that states do not balance against power alone; rather, they form alliances to balance against perceived threats

What is the Balance of Threat Theory?

What is this an example of? Vietnam and the Philippines cultivate closer security ties with Washington because China’s aggressive martime actions make Beijing look more threating

This is an example of the Balance of Threat Theory

Relevance: ____ theory explains how coalitions form during international crises

Balance of Threat

This is a structural realist theory predicting that states will align against the state or coalition possessing the greatest material power, in order to prevent regional or global hegemony.

What is the Balance of Power Theory?

What is this an example of? A coalition of regional powers and external ones united to defeat Imperial Japan’s bid for regional hegemoney during WWII

This is an example of the Balance of Power Theory

Relevance: ____ theory explains why hegemony often fails, as the concentration of mateial triggers counter-balancing coalitions

Balance of Power

This is a type of force: the employment or demonstration of military forces, such as parades, fleet exercises, or weapons displays, to enhance national prestige, project power, and bloster image

What is Swaggering?

What is this an example of? North Korea holds massive military parades in Pyongyang, showcasing intercontinental ballistic missiles to signal strength and military prestige.

This is an example of Swaggering

Relevance: ____ force is low-cost and peaceful; however, this can backfire if neighboring states perceive the display as a threatening prelude to attack

Swaggering

This is a type of force: Deploying military force to block, repel, or blunt an adversary’s attack and prevent them from achieving their objectives in battle

What is Defensive?

What is this an example of? Taiwan preparing denial networks, beach fortifications, and artillery to repel a landing from the PLA

This is an example of Defensive

Relevance: ___ force protects sovereign territory and is often cost-effective, but too much of this force can leave a state vulnerable to multiply attacks

Defensive

This is a type of force: Employing the threat of severe, unacceptable punishnment to prevent an enemy from initiating a specific harmful action

What is Deterrent?

What is this an example of? The United States threatens catastrophic retaliation against North Korea if Pyongyang launches a nuclear attack against South Korea or Japan

This is an example of Deterrence.

Relevance: ___ force is highly desirable because success means no war is fought, credibility is difficult to communicate and verify

Deterrent

This is a type of force: the employment of threatening force to compel an adversary to stop an ongoing action

What is Compellant

What is this an example of? During the 95-96 Taiwan Crisis, the United States deployed two aircraft carriers near Taiwan to compel Beijing to cease missile tests

This is an example of Compellence

Relevance: ___ force is harder to achieve than deterrence because it requires forcing an enemy to publicly back down and suffer a lose a prestige

Compellant

This is a type of doctrine: structuring and equipping military force to take the fight directly into enemy territory to disarm, defeat, or destroy their armed forces

What is the Offensive Doctrine?

What is this an example of? This was the type of doctrine Japan implemented during WWII, destorying others armies

This is an example of the Offensive Doctrine

Relevance: ____ doctrine provides flexibility and choice in where to fight, extremely expensive and produces security dilemmas

Offensive

This is a type of doctrine: structuring and equipping military forces to await, halt, and repel an enemy attack

What is defensive doctrine?

What is this an example of? Japan’s Self Defense Forces being used to only defend the homeland and cannot use war to settle international conflicts

This is an example of a defensive doctrine

Relevance: ____ doctrines are cheaper, can reduce arms race and accidental spirals

Defensive

This is a type of doctrine: structuring military capabilities to inflict unacceptable pain or costs on an attacker (often targeting population centers) rather than trying to achieve a convetional battlefield victory

What is Deterrent Doctrine

What is this an example of? China is maintaining nuclear retaliatory strike capabilities to deter a nuclear attack.

This is an example of a deterrent doctrine

Relevance: ____ doctrines allow smaller or less wealthy states to deter massive powers without matching them tank-for-tank

Deterrent

The political process of negotiation, communication, and bargaining between states to exchange information, resolve conflicts of interest, and manage relations without going to war

What is Diplomacy?

What is this an example of? The six-party talks (North Korea, South Korea, Russia, China, Japan, and the United States States) negotiated having a denuclearized Korean Peninsula in exchange for energy and security

This is an example of diplomacy

Relevance: ___ provides the information needed to reduce uncertainity under anarchy; when ______ fails war erupts

diplomacy

This is governing arrangements, institutional rules, and settled principles that structure and regulate relationships and interactions among states in the international system

What is international order?

What is this an example of? The Concert of Europe, League of Nations, and the United Nations

This is an example of international orders

Relevance: _____ create mutual expectations that reduce miscalculation and security dilemmas; however, powerful states seek to revise order that shifts in their favor

International order

Short Answer: Question 1, Alliance difficult to form: Even if two states agree that an enemy is conern, actors can disgaree on _____ of threat and the appropriate _____

degree, response

Short Answer: Question 1, Alliance difficult to form: Great powers being relucant to form alliances with ____ partners with little to no material benefit (US and Fiji)

smaller or weaker

Short Answer: Question 1, Alliance difficult to form: The issue of _____: dragging patrons into conflicts and the issue of _____: leaving allies and commitments

entrapment; abandonment

Short Answer: Question 1, Alliance difficult to form: Past conflicts or _____ grievances beteen potential partners can harm trust

historic

Short Answer: Question 2, Why is arming challenging: Internal arming requires ____ financial material and human resources

extracting

Short Answer: Question 2, Why is arming challenging: Balancing defense spending against _____ objectives (opportunity costs)

domestic/ other

Short Answer: Question 2, Why is arming challenging: Building military hardware , training army and developing doctrines can take _____

years

Short Answer: Question 2, Why is arming challenging: Arming requires linking military hardware to political _____ [ can’t preach defensive doctrine and then call for offensive forces ]

objectives

Short Answer: Question 2, Why is arming challenging: While political priorties can change quickly, military hardware needs ____

time

Short Answer: Question 3, Why is diplomacy strategically challenging and ineffective:

Diplomacy cannot solve disputes where interests are _____ [such as competing claims over land]

non-negotiable

Short Answer: Question 3, Why is diplomacy strategically challenging and ineffective:

States worry that their rival will ____ on a diplomatic agreement to gain an _____

cheat; advantage

Short Answer: Question 3, Why is diplomacy strategically challenging and ineffective:

States care about _____ gaps, making gains equal is hard, and neither side wants other to gain an edge

relative power

Short Answer: Question 3, Why is diplomacy strategically challenging and ineffective:

Great powers fall into a trap thinking that military ____ translates to dictating terms at the negotiating table

superiority

Short Answer: Question 3, Why is diplomacy strategically challenging and ineffective:

States often to extract the ____ of “I win and you lose”

stance

Short Answer: Question 4, Why does anarchy push actors to balance: This means that there is no overarching government or global 9/11 to enforce agreements which makes actors rely on thesmelves

What is anarchy?

Short Answer: Question 4, Why does anarchy push actors to balance:

In a world of _____, states may compete to become the regional _____

anarchy, hegemon

Short Answer: Question 4, Why does anarchy push actors to balance:

During power maximization, weaker/smaller countries could either ____ themselves or find _____ to oppose and limit a threat

arm, alliances

Short Answer: Question 5, Difference between domestic constraints and preferences: This is the internal political organizations, interest groups, and ideology that shape what the state wants to achieve

What are domestic preferences?

Short Answer: Question 5, Difference between domestic constraints and preferences: This is institutional rules, checks and balances, and legal hurdles that restrict what a leader can achieve

What are domestic constraints?

Short Answer: Question 5, Difference between domestic constraints and preferences:

Domestic preferences describe what an actor ____ and domestic constraints describe hat a leader can actually ____

want, do

Short Answer: Question 5, Difference between domestic constraints and preferences:

The difference matters because domestic _____ determine whether desire can be a reality

constraints

Short Answer: Question 5, Difference between domestic constraints and preferences:

The difference matters because the lack of domestic _____ can push their agenda without pusback, hich can lead to ______

constraints, overepansion

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: ____ advocate for expanding U.S. global power

Traditionalists

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: _____ argue that military dominance is no longer sustainable, cost-effective, or safe

reformists

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: Post Cold War order America was considered the _____ [technological superiorty]

dominant military power

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: Traditionalists view that America has ____ and that China and Russia and entrenching into American influence spheres

fallen

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: Traditionalists support ____ over butter

guns

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: Reformists argue that regional allies should invest in their ____

own defense capabilities.

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: Reformists worry about ____ and therefore, U.S. military should be in the backdrop rather than the frontlines

entrapment

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: Why it matters: ____ costs, basically using money in certain sectors or not

Opportunity

Short Answer: Question 6, Deter over U.S. Military doctrine: Why it matters: There is a debate over burden ____: Either relying on U.S. might or building own defensive capabilities

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