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Federalist #10

A paper written by James Madison explaining that a large republic is the best way to control factions.

Federalist #51

A paper by Madison stating that the government needs checks and balances between branches.

Brutus 1

An argument against the Constitution claiming a strong federal government would infringe on rights.

Implied Powers

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but necessary to execute other powers.

Constitution vs Articles of Confederation

The Constitution created a strong central government; the Articles prioritized state power.

Powers of Independent Agencies

Agencies separate from the main branches that enforce rules on various matters.

Grants-in-aid

Federal money given to states for programs like education and infrastructure.

Devolution

The transfer of power from the federal government back to the states.

Federalism

A system where power is shared between national and state governments.

Cooperative Federalism

A model where federal and state governments collaborate to address issues.

Federalist vs Anti-Federalist

Federalists supported a strong central government; Anti-Federalists favored state power.

Bill of Attainder

A law that punishes without a trial, prohibited by the Constitution.

Ex Post Facto

A law that makes past actions illegal, which is prohibited by the Constitution.

Habeas Corpus

The right to a fair trial, ensuring no detention without cause.

Rule of Four

At least four Supreme Court justices must agree to hear a case.

Writ of Certiorari

A request for the Supreme Court to review a lower court's decision.

Amicus Curiae Brief

A document submitted by a non-party offering information or opinion to the court.

Stare Decisis

Latin for 'let the decision stand,' meaning courts follow precedents.

Bureaucracy & President

The bureaucracy implements government functions under the president's supervision.

Bureaucracy Delegated Rule Authority

Bureaucracy can create rules to enforce laws enacted by Congress.

Checks Held by Legislative and Judicial Branches

Congress and the courts can limit the powers of the executive branch.

Marbury v Madison (1803)

Established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

Entitlements

Social programs offering benefits like Social Security under specific criteria.

Pluralist & Elite Democracies

Pluralist involves many competing groups; Elite is controlled by a few wealthy individuals.

Fiscal Policy

The government uses taxation and spending to influence the economy.

Supremacy Clause

Establishes that federal law supersedes state law.

Congress & President Checks Over Bureaucracy

Congress controls funding; the President appoints bureaucratic leaders.

Block Grants

Federal funding provided to states for broad purposes.

Congressional Committees/System

Small groups in Congress focusing on specific legislative topics.

Congress and $$$

Congress has authority over government spending and taxation.

Standing Committees

Permanent congressional groups handling crucial areas like defense.

Presidential Formal v Informal Powers

Formal powers are constitutional; informal powers involve influencing public opinion.

Powers of HR & Senate

HR initiates tax bills and can impeach; Senate confirms appointments and conducts trials.

Presidential Powers

Authority to sign laws, command the military, and make treaties.

Federalist #78

Discusses the necessity of life tenure for judges and court protection of the Constitution.

Committee System

Congress utilizes committees for research, debate, and lawmaking.

Legislative Checks Over President

Congress can override vetoes and impeach the president.

Amending the Constitution

Requires Congressional approval and ratification by states.

Conference Committee

Members from both chambers reconcile differences in legislation.

Appointing Supreme Court Justices

The president selects justices, subject to Senate approval.

Iron Triangles

The relationship among Congress, agencies, and interest groups shaping policy.

Federalist #70

Advocates for a single strong president for efficient decision-making.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Ruled redistricting cannot exclusively use race, affecting district lines.

Original Intent

Judges should interpret the Constitution based on founders' original meanings.

Judicial Activism

Judges interpret the Constitution to effectuate social change and protect rights.

HR & Senate Shared Powers

Both can legislate, declare war, and approve budgetary matters.

Reserved Powers

Powers not granted to the federal government, retained by states.

Rules Committee

Determines how and when bills are debated in the House of Representatives.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Affirmed Congress's implied powers and the Supremacy Clause over state authority.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Established courts' ability to review districting for fairness in representation.