U3 Psych - AOS2 Learning and memory

Define Acquisition

Define Behaviourist approach (to learning)

Emphasises the study of observable behaviour alone to understand and explain learning, without regard to underlying mental processes

Define Neutral stimulus  (NS)

in classical conditioning, any object or event that does not normally produce a predictable response; becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated association with the unconditioned stimulus

Define Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

 in classical conditioning, any stimulus that consistently produces a particular naturally occurring, involuntary response (i.e. an unconditioned response)

Define Unconditioned response (UCR) 

in classical conditioning, an involuntary response that occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is presented

Define Conditioned stimulus (UCS)

in classical conditioning, the stimulus that is initially neutral and does not normally produce the unconditioned response but eventually becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response

Define Conditioned Response (CR)

in classical conditioning, the learned or acquired response to the conditioned stimulus

Define classical conditioning

A three-phase learning process (before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning) that results in the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

Active Learning

Active learning refers to any educational approach or learning activity where the student is directly engaged in the learning process, involving cognitive, physical and social interactions with the material.

Passive Learning

Passive learning is when a learner acquires knowledge or behaviour by observing or receiving information without actively participating or engaging in the learning process.

Phase 1: Before Conditioning in classical conditioning

In the first phase, there is no learning taking place. There is an unconditional stimulus which consistently produces a naturally occuring, automatic response

Phase 2: During in classical conditioning

During conditioning, the two stimuli are repeatedly associated with one another. The neural stimulus is presented first and is immediately followed by the unconditioned stimulus. This step is repated multiple times so that the two stimuli become paired within the learner.

Phase 3: After Conditioning in classical conditioning

The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. This produces a conditioned response (usually similar to the unconditioned response). In this case, learning has successfully occurred.

what is the neutral stimulus

Stimulus that produces no naturally occuring response

what is the unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

what is the unconditioned response

A biological response that occurs upon presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.

what is the conditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that, when repeatedly paired with an unconditioned response, produces a conditioned response.

what is the conditioned response?

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

What is the role of sensory memory?

• Entry point for sensory information

• Filters out unnecessary information

• Stores information long enough so that we percieve the world as continuous

Capacity of sensory memory

unlimited

Duration of short term memory

0.2-4 seconds

Role of short-term memory

Actively manipulates encoded information, so it remains in conscious awareness

Capacity of short term memory

5-9 items

Duration of short term memory

12-30 seconds

Role of long - term memory

Stores information that has been semantically encoded for future use

Capacity of long-term memory

Unlimited

Duration of long term memory

Relatively permenant