[SAS] P2 Chapter 14: Human Development

W4: Cummings & Sanders

Emerging Adulthood

A new life stage extending from approximately ages 18 to 25, during which the foundation of an adult life is gradually constructed in love and work.

Primary features include identity explorations, instability, focus on self-development, feeling incompletely adult, and a broad sense of possibilities.

Age of identity explorations

An age when people explore various possibilities in love and work as they move toward making enduring choices.

Through trying out these different possibilities, they develop a more definite identity, including an understanding of who they are, what their capabilities and limitations are, what their beliefs and values are, and how they fit into the society around them.

Example: Exploring various possibilities through work, fashion, music, education, and other venues.

Age of instability

As emerging adults explore different possibilities in love and work, their lives are often unstable.

Reflected in frequent residential changes and moves from one living situation to another.

Example: Moving out of parents' household to attend college or be independent, moving after graduation, moving to cohabit with a romantic partner, or moving back in with parents.

Self focused age

A time between adolescents' reliance on parents and adults' long-term commitments in love and work, where emerging adults focus on themselves as they develop the knowledge, skills, and self-understanding needed for adult life.

Example: Learning to make independent decisions about everything from what to have for dinner to whether or not to get married.

Age of feeling in between

A subjective feeling of being in a transitional period of life, not adolescent but not fully adult, either.

Example: When asked "Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?", the majority respond neither yes nor no, but with "in some ways yes, in some ways no."

Age of possibilities

An age when many different futures remain possible, and when little about a person's direction in life has been decided for certain.

An age of high hopes and great expectations because few dreams have been tested in real life.

Example: 89% of 18- to 24-year-olds in a national survey agreed with the statement, "I am confident that one day I will get to where I want to be in life."

Early Adulthood

Life stage covering roughly the ages between 25 and 45.

Middle Adulthood

Life stage covering roughly the ages between 45 and 65.

Authoritative Parents

Parenting style that is demanding and responsive; sets and enforces rules but discusses reasons behind them.

Authoritarian Parents

Parenting style that is demanding but not responsive; imposes strict rules and expects obedience without explanation.

Permissive Parents

Parenting style that is undemanding but responsive; sets few rules or punishments and lets children make their own rules.

Rejecting Neglecting Parents

Parenting style that is undemanding and unresponsive overall.

Menopause

The cessation of the menstrual period, usually occurring around age 50.

Social Clock

A culturally recognized timing for major life phases such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Late Adulthood

The final life stage beginning in the 60s.

Crystallized Intelligence

General knowledge about the world and vocabulary that is maintained or strengthened during aging.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly, which gradually declines with age.

Dementia

A progressive neurological disease involving loss of cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with everyday behaviors.

Alzheimer's Disease

A fatal form of dementia leading to progressive loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical functioning.

Five Phases of Grief

Phases people pass in grappling with the knowledge that they or someone close to them is dying.

Described by Elisabeth Kubler Ross.

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

What are the 5 phases of grief?

Elisabeth Kubler Ross

Who described the 5 phases of grief?

Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Who proposed emerging adulthood?

1. Age of identity explorations

2. Age of instability

3. Self focused age

4. Age of feeling in between

5. Age of possibilities

What are the 5 features of emerging adulthood?

1. Authoritative parents

2. Authoritarian parents

3. Permissive parents

4. Rejecting Neglecting parents

What are the 4 parenting styles?