Gov. Chapter 3 Test Review

What is the main topic of Chapter 3?

The relationship between Christianity, the church, and government.

Why were early Christians persecuted by Rome?

They refused to worship Roman gods and the emperor.

What did Jesus warn His followers about persecution?

If people persecuted Him, they would also persecute His followers.

Why was it difficult for Christians to serve in the Roman government?

Roman officials were expected to sacrifice to Roman gods and worship the emperor.

Who was Constantine?

The Roman emperor who issued the Edict of Milan in AD 313.

What was the Edict of Milan?

An AD 313 decree that ended official persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.

What did Constantine's acceptance of Christianity change?

Christians gained greater freedom and influence in government.

What major question arose after Constantine accepted Christianity?

Whether the church or government should have authority over the other.

What did many Christians believe held medieval society together?

A shared religion and a shared morality.

How was religious freedom often viewed during the Middle Ages?

As a possible threat to political and social stability.

What was the Reformation?

A religious movement that divided Western Christianity into multiple churches.

What churches emerged during the Reformation?

Lutheran, Anglican, Anabaptist, and other Protestant churches.

How did many rulers handle religion after the Reformation?

They chose which religion would be practiced in their states.

Why did the Reformation cause religious wars?

Catholics and Protestants fought over religious and political control.

Who was John Locke?

An English philosopher who promoted religious tolerance and natural law.

What did John Locke originally believe about religion?

That following the monarch's religion helped maintain peace.

What experience changed John Locke's thinking?

Seeing Catholics and Protestants live peacefully together in Cleves.

What was John Locke's solution to religious conflict?

Religious tolerance supported by natural law.

What is religious tolerance?

Allowing people with different religious beliefs to live and worship freely.

What is natural law?

Moral truths that can be recognized through human nature, conscience, and reason.

What did Locke believe about human conscience?

All people possess a conscience and can recognize certain moral truths.

Why did Locke believe religious tolerance could work?

People could share basic morality despite different religious beliefs.

What was the Mayflower Compact?

A 1620 agreement establishing self-government for the Plymouth settlers.

Why was the Mayflower Compact important?

It promoted self-government, cooperation, and the common good.

What is a social contract?

An agreement in which people accept government rules for mutual protection and order.

Why did early American colonists value religious freedom?

Many had escaped religious persecution in Europe.

What did early American colonists believe government needed?

A foundation of moral principles to provide stability.

What amendment protects religious freedom in America?

The First Amendment.

What is the Establishment Clause?

The First Amendment rule prohibiting government establishment of religion.

What is the Free Exercise Clause?

The First Amendment protection for the free exercise of religion.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

A major American religious revival during the early 1800s.

What effect did evangelical Protestants have on early America?

They influenced education, morality, politics, and social reform.

What changed American religious life after the Civil War?

Immigration and growing religious diversity reduced Protestant dominance.

What is pluralism?

The coexistence of different religious, ethnic, social, and political beliefs in society.

What is religious pluralism?

The coexistence of multiple religious traditions in one society.

What is secularism?

The view that religion should be a private matter rather than shape public life.

What is the basic thesis of secularism in the textbook?

Religion should remain private and stay out of public spaces and government.

Why does pluralism create challenges for Christians?

Different groups disagree about morality and public policy.

What are the three major church-state relationships discussed?

Absolute separation, state over church, and church over state.

What is absolute separation of church and state?

The view that religion should not influence government or public life.

What is state over church?

A system where government authorities control or direct the church.

What historical empire illustrates state over church?

The Byzantine Empire.

What is lay investiture?

The practice of secular rulers appointing church leaders.

What is the lay investiture controversy?

A medieval struggle over who had authority to appoint church officials.

What is church over state?

A system where church authorities exercise power over government.

What church historically claimed authority over rulers in Western Europe?

The Roman Catholic Church during parts of the Middle Ages.

Who was Pope Innocent III?

A medieval pope who exercised political power over European rulers.

What did Pope Innocent III do to King John?

He excommunicated him during a dispute over church authority.

What was the Concordat of Worms?

A 1122 agreement between the pope and Holy Roman emperor over church appointments.

According to the textbook, why should the church not rule the state?

God gave the responsibility of governing to the state, not the church.

According to the textbook, what is the church's main function?

To preach God's Word and teach people biblical principles.

According to the textbook, what is the state's main function?

To govern society and maintain public order.

What does the textbook mean by distinction and influence?

Church and state have separate roles, but Christians may morally influence government.

According to the textbook, should church influence be persuasive or coercive?

Persuasive, not coercive.

What two reasons does the textbook give against removing religious influence from public life?

The Bible applies to all life, and laws inevitably involve moral judgments.

What is a political ideology?

A set of beliefs based on a worldview that guides political decisions.

What three parts commonly make up a political ideology?

An analysis of society, a vision for improvement, and a strategy to achieve it.

What are culture wars?

Conflicts between groups holding different moral values, ideals, and worldviews.

What is the natural-law approach to political issues?

Using moral reasoning and shared human understanding to support public policies.

What limitation of natural law does the textbook identify?

Human conscience and reasoning are weakened by sin and may not convince everyone.

According to the textbook, why do Christians traditionally oppose abortion?

They believe human life bears God's image from conception.

What does the textbook teach about applying Scripture to politics?

Biblical teaching applies to all areas of life, including government and public policy.

What does the textbook teach about political disagreements?

Christians should argue with humility, boldness, love, and respect.

Why does the textbook say Christians should expect persecution?

Jesus warned His followers that they would face opposition for their faith.

What does the textbook identify as the ultimate solution to society's problems?

The gospel and the transformation of people's hearts.