Vertebrate Biology Lab Week 7&8: Digestion and Diversity of Mammals (ISU BIOL/A ECL 3650)

Stomach and Anus

What parts of the digestive system do insectivores have?

Stomach, Cecum, and Anus

What parts of the digestive system do nonruminant herbivores have?

Esophagus, Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum, Cecum, Spiral Loop, and Anus

What parts of the digestive system do ruminant herbivores have?

Esophagus, Stomach, Cecum, and Anus

What parts of the digestive system do Carnivore have?

Stomach

Where does foregut fermentation take place?

Large Intestine

Where does hindgut fermentation take place?

Stomachs divided into several chambers, Move food from stomach to mouth to chew cud, More complete digestion of plant material

What describes foregut fermenters?

Cetartiodactyla (Even toed hoof mammals + whales, dolphins, and porpoises)

Who does foregut fermentation?

Large caecum - at junction of small and large intestine, Very long large intestine, caecum, colon

What describes hindgut fermenters?

Perissodactyla (Odd Hoofed Mammals), Lagomorpha (Rabbits and Hares), Rodentia (Rodents),

Who does hindgut fermentation?

Carnviore, Insectivores, Omnivores, Non-Rumient Herbivores, Ruminet Herbivores

What trophic group has the shortest - longest digestive system?

Oviparous

What is the term for animals that have an external membranous egg?

Oviparous

What is the term for animals that have an external amniotic egg?

Ovoviviparous

What is the term for animals that have an internal egg?

Viviparous

What is the term for animals that have internal fetal development?

Kidney

What part of a dogfish is this?

Testis

What part of a dogfish is this?

Ovary

What part of a dogfish is this? (1)

Clasper

What part of a dogfish is this?

Dogfish, Regulate salt balance

What animal has a rectal gland, and what is its function?

Rat and Pigeon

Which of the animals we study has a notable cecum?

To break down cellulose

What is the cecum's purpose?

Secrets enzymes that soften seeds for digestion

What's the purpose of the crop?

Dogfish, because it doesn't have a cecum

Which of the species we study has the shortest digestive tract?

The dorsal and posterior part of the body cavity

Where are the kidneys located in most animals?

A bone in the penis to maintain stiffness

What is a baculum?

A pipe through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

What's the purpose of the esophagus?

A hollow organ that uses chemical digestion and physical digestion to break down food

What's the purpose of the stomach

Produce bile, which helps to break down fat

What's the purpose of the liver?

Produces trypsin (breaks down proteins), Amylase (breaks down carbs), Lipase (breaks down fats), and chemicals that neutralize the acids from the stomach

What's the purpose of the pancreas?

Recycles old blood cells and stores platelets and white blood cells

What's the purpose of the spleen?

Stores bile from the liver

What's the purpose of the gall bladder?

The only opening for digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts for many vertebrate animals

What is the purpose of the cloaca?

Final digestion phase, where the great bulk of nutrient absorption into the body takes place

What's the purpose of the small intestine?

Where water absorption and storage of waste are

What's the purpose of the large intestine?

Grind food swallowed by birds with stones

What's the purpose of the gizzard?

Refers to as the true stomach in birds

What is the proventriculus?

Beginning of the small intestine

What is the duodenum?

Eliminate waste, aid in water/electrolyte balance

What is the purpose of the kidney?

Maleus, Incus, and Stapes

What are the three middle ear bones in mammals?

Malleus

Which inner ear bone is this? (Orange)

Incus

Which inner ear bone is this?

Stapes

Which inner ear bone is this? (7)

Egg layers, Marsupials, Placentals

What are the three major sub-categories of mammals?

About 6,400

How many species are in class Mammalia?

26-29 Orders

How many orders are in class Mammalia?

Yinotheria (Prototheria) and Theria

What are the two subclasses of the class Mammalia?

Metatheria and Eutheria

What are the two infraclasses that subclass Theria are broken up into?

Monotremes (4 Echidnas and 1 Platypus species)

What order are in the subclass Yinotheria (Prototheria)?

7 Orders

How many orders are in the infraclass Metatheria (Marsupials)?

About 19 Orders

How many orders are in the infraclass Eutheria (Placentals)?

Order Tubulidentata (1 Species, Aardvark)

What is the smallest order of mammals?

Order Rodentia (2277 Species, 42% of all mammals)

What is the largest order of mammals?

Diphyodonty

What's the term for mammals that have 2 sets of teeth (Baby and Adult)?

Heterodont

What is the term for mammals that have differentiated teeth (opposed to uniform peg-like teeth)?

Subclass Prototheria

Egg laying mammals

Order Monotremata

Echidnas and platypus

Subclass Theria

Marsupials

Order Didelphimorphia

Opossum, american marsupials

Order Diprotodontia

Kangaroos, wallabies, koala, australian marsupials

Order Eulipotyphla

Shrews, moles, hedgehogs

Order Lagomorpha

What order is this animal?

Order Lagaomorpha

Rabbits and pikas

Order Carnivora

What order is this animal?

Order Dermoptera

What order is the animal with these teeth?

Order Chiroptera

Bats

Order Primates

Monkeys

Order Pilosa

Anteaters and sloths

Order Cingulata

Armadillos

Order Rodentia

What order of animal is this skull?

Order Carnivora

Dogs, cats, bears, racoons, seals, minks

Order Tubulidentata

Aardvark

Order Proboscidea

Elephants

Order Hyracoidea

Hyrax

Order Sirenia

Manatee and dugdong

Order Perissodactyla

Zebras, rhinos, tapirs, odd-toed ungulates

Order Cetartiodactyla

Deer, cows, sheep, whales, dolphins