European History II Parma Exam 1

What was and what year was the Westphalia Treaty signed?

1648 - Ends the 30 years war, Protestants v Catholics after Protestant Reformation split, fundamental turning point bc it showed that transformation had taken place in international relations: Europe moving beyond the framework of Christendom, where they would regulate war to keep a BALANCE OF POWER beyond just religion

What were Voltaire's impactful publications and in what year were they published?

Le Siecle de Louis XIV (1751) - talks about how Europe was a republic divided into states, some monarchy, mixed, etc but all resembling one another; Same religious foundations but divided into different confessions and same principles of law and politics

Essai sur les moeurs et l'espirit des nations (1756) - Voltaire's attempt of writing universal history that goes beyond Christendom but just ended up establishing a hierarchy of civilizations according to developments of science, arts, commerce, customs, rationality, and intellectual reedom according to Western criteria

What year was the fall of Constantinople and why was it important?

- 1453; This marks the point where Constantinople became the capitol of the OE (Istanbul) which cements them as a major world power...OE control of key land and sea routes pushes Europeans to find new routes to Asia

- now ppl living in these inhabitants think of themselves as Christian rather than European (republica christina - the Christian commonwealth)

What year was the Protestant Reformation?

1517

What major piece of work does William Penn publish and what year was this published in?

1693; Penn publishes An Essay on Present and Future Peace of Europe; as a Quaker from PA, there needs to be elected delegates that can settle disputes by negotiation and not war, Europe was exhausted with the amount of wars going on and this was part of an Enlightenment order period...This piece can be seen as inspiration for collective security, like seen in League of Nations, UN, EU, etc

What year was the Congress of Vienna and what is the importance of it?

- 1814-15; Beginning of the Restoration Era, fresh after after Napoleon's defeat in waterloo, Metternich (Austria) leads this with GB, Russia, Prussia, and a restored (ish) France

- Conservatism is back

- Overall goal is to make sure not one country completely dominates again, France weakened by strengthening the buffer states around it (for ex the Netherlands, Prussia gets Rhine)

- They remap France and take away what Napoleon conquered

- This was a turning point back to the rise of conservatism bc monarchies are fearing a rev similar to what France endured...kind of inspires the unification of France and Italy

- Vienna Settlement signed which contains France, restored a lot of pre-revolutionary monarchies so major powers could stay in control and surpress revolution/nationalism

What is the Springtime of the People and what year does it occur? What other major event happened during this year?

1848; Revolts in France, German states, Austrian empire, bc libs wanted a constitution and civil rights; nationalists wanted self-determination (unification), and workers wanted economic reform

- King listened to them and forced Metternich out of office

- This was in reaction to the Vienna Settlement, which completely suppressed individual rights and legitimacy

What years were the Crimean War and what were they about?

1853-56; All about the Eastern Question -> Who gets control of OE land now that they're falling apart?

causes:

- M's departure from the political scene and tried to keep the Holy Alliance aligned

- Weakening of OE and Tsar wanted to exploit

- Casus Belli - created by Russians to justify their aggression towards other ppl so they would declare war

- Britain and France wanted to stop Russia from expanding toward the Mediterranean and Black Sea

- Actual trigger of this was a dispute over Russia's claim to protect Orthodox Christians in OE (and rivalry with France over rights at holy sites in Palestine); Russia occupied Ottoman Danubian territories, so war happened

What year was the start of the French Rev?

1789

When was the Austro-Prussian War and what was it over? (months and year)

June-July 1866

- Bismarck wanted a Prussian-dominated Germany WITHOUT Austria

- Bismarck gets alliance from Italy and neutrality of France and Russia

- Overwhelming Prussian win bc of better army organization, superior weaponry (rifles), and better railway system which made them move faster

What year was the Battle of Sedan and what was it about?

1870; NAPOLEON III IS CAPTURED IN THIS BATTLE

- during the time where France declared war over Prussia (bc Ems Dispatch that Bismarck tweaked to tick France off), and southern Germany joined Prussia against France

- Prussia and German allies trapped France in Sedan and Napoleon captured

- Ended the Second Empire and would later lead to the start of the Third Republic in France

- GERMANY GETS ALSACE AND PART OF LORRAINE BC OF HELP IN THIS BATTLE FROM TREATY OF FRANKFURT!!!

When was Triple Alliance formed and who was in it?

1882; Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

- defensive pact; If any member was attacked by two or more great powers (or for Italy attacked by France), the others would come to its aid

- forced to make this pact bc Bismarck built it to isolate France after 1871

When was Triple Entente formed and who was in it?

Finalized in 1907; France, GB, Russia

- Came together bc of Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 (actual military alliance), 1904 Entente Cordiale between Britain and France (settled colonial disputes, like in Egypt and Morocco), 1907 Anglo-Russian Alliance which linked everyone together by association almost

- formed bc they were scared of Germany (esp naval build up and Weltpolitik after Bismarck was gone)

What was the Entente Cordiale about and what year was it established?

- 1904; set of agreements settling long-running colonial disputes...Britain recognized French influence in Morocco, and France recognized British control of Egypt

- Both feared Germany's growing power, and Britain ending its splendid isolation

What year does Bismarck resign and why was this a turning point?

- 1890; forcefully resigned by Kaiser bc he wanted to rule personally and disagreed with Bismarck over policy, like how to handle socialists, labor unrest, and who controlled the government

- Hell breaks loose bc Bismarck had France under control but Kaiser let the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia lapse in 1890

- Russia no longer tied to Germany, Franco-Russian Alliance occurs, which ends France isolation and encircling Germany

- Germany stupidly wanted to align with GB and when GB disagrees, they send ships up north as intimidation, which makes GB want to side with France and Russia (like in Entente Cordiale 1904, Anglo-Russian Entente 1907)

When/what is the "trigger" of WW1? (exact day, month, year)

June 28th 1914 - Gavrilo Princip (Bosnian Serb nationalist) assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austrian)

- this is over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and these nationalists wanted Austria out of Bosnia

- Russia backs Serbia bc also Slavic, Orthodox state, which is how a regional dispute pulled in the great powers

What year does Austria annex Bosnia and why?

- 1908; locking in control of that territory as the OE collapses

- Responding to the YT Rev in OE...Austria scared that a reformed Ottoman state might reassert its claim on Bosnia

When does the US declare war over Germany and why? (day, month, year)

- April 6th, 1917; America enters as Russia exists bc of Bolshevik Rev

- Germans doing unrestricted submarine warfare against both neutral and civilian ships (sinking of the Lusitania pissed Americans off)

- Zimmerman Telegram (not in the packet but I feel like it's also an important reason) - US intercepts telegram between Germans and Mexicans about how Germany would ally with Mexico if US joins war and help them take back TX, AZ, and NM

What is the battle if Amiens date and importance of it? (month, year)

- August 1918; Allies regrouped after Germany's Spring Offensive (quick attacks trying to gain as much as possible before the US entered the war which helped gain territory but lost numerous soldiers), sneak attack lead by GB with allies

- turning point where Germany realized they can't win the war and the start of the Offense for the allies

When was the Conference of Versailles and what came out of it?

- 1919; Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Lay, Treaty of Trianon (main ones)

VERSAILLES

- very contradicting bc created League of Nations but HARSH on Germany

- Germans lose Alsace-Lorraine to France, Northern Schleswig to Denmark, Posen and west Prussia which re est Poland as independent, Rhineland

- German army shrunk to 100k, prohibited from having tanks, aircrafts, subs; navy under strict limit and number of weapons and weaponry import limited

- Had to pay France and Belgium 132B gold marks and had to ask $ from US

- Lost all colonies to League of Nations, lost 6-7M ppl that were displaced bc of new border drawings...impossible to ignite self-determination bc so many Germans forced to live in diff states

SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-LAYE

- Dissolves A-H Empire

- Italy gets territory but wanted more; claims Dalmatia, which was promised in secret Treaty of London (1915), and also claimed ownership of Fiume bc lots of Italians there even though it wasn't directly assigned to them in TOL

- Mutilated Victory...D'Annunzio popularizing idea that Italy won the war but it's allies cheated it out of it's earnings...occupies Fiume 1919 (like Italian govt wanted), his occupation exemplifies beginnings of Fascism...forced out by Italian troops later

TRIANON

- Austria an independent republic and Hungary loses 2/3 of its territory

- Hungarian land went to new states (Romania, Czechoslovakia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Austria)...millions of ethnic hungarians displaced

- Hungarian army lim to 35k

- postwar resentment against Hungary and Germany

When was Demonstration in Petrograd and why is this important? (month, year)

- Feb 1917; Demonstrations began on intl women's day bc of bread shortage and high prices

- Protests escalated to mass strikes, uprisings etc...soldiers join the demonstrators and Tsar loses control

When does Lenin get to Petrograd? (month, year)

- April 1917; he presents theses on peace, land redistribution, and power for the soviets

- rejects Provisional Govt which helps Bolshevik strategy and make way for the Oktober Rev

When was the October Rev and why was it important? (day, month, year)

- October 24-25th, 1917; Lenin and Bolsheviks overthrow Provisional Govt

- New govt wanted peace w Germany and withdrew from WW1 w Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

- New Bolshevik govt began process to lead to creation of USSR

- Taking control intensifies political conflict which leads to Civil War between red army and anti-bolsheviks

When was the Russian Civil War and what was it over?

- 1918-1922; fought between Bolshevik Reds and anti-Bolshevik Whites over who controls Russia post-Oct Rev

- Reds organized by Leon Trotsky and wanted to keep communism

- Whites = monarchists, conservatives, libs, and socialists who disagreed amongst themselves abt future of Russia

- Reds win and consolidate communism

Who is Charlemagne

aka King of the Franks

- First emperor of Western Europe, crowned by Pope Leo

- Brought together a lot of western/central europe and helped birth the idea of political unity of Western Christendom

- Pushed for alliance between papacy and European rulers, education, and administrative reform

Thirty Years' War

- Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia

- European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict...mostly a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire

- begins as a religious conflict, but gradually increases to a territorial one

- bloody massacre of France (catholic) declaring war on other catholics

Carl Schmitt

- Thought of Jus Publican Europeum -

a kind of public law whose purpose was not to ABOLISH war but REGULATE it (aka moral justification for war)

- customary rules that we decide with each other that gave Euro powers the opportunity to reduce the chances of war

iusta causa

In relation to Carl Schmitt theory...war could be considered legit under certain legal/moral conditions

- EX: defensive war - you are getting attacked and have the right to respond, if there is word you are going to get attacked, you can mobilize your troops to protect your boundary (like in the Crusades)

Rousseau

- Accepts Saint Pierre's ideas (saying the same thing Penn says...we need smth more than a balance of power....not enough to sustain peace)

- Changes this thinking though by saying how can you create a federation of European states, even though a federation is ideal (like how can they submit themselves to a president)

- The est of a federation depends on the rulers whose freedom of action it was intended to restrict

- bigggg anarchist

Immanuel Kant

- Writes Perprtual Peace in 1795...claiming we need a federation system in order to create peace

- States should remain politically independent should enter a federation governed by common principles of intl law

Thomas Sterns Elliot

- Writes if Christian soul in Europe is weak, it weakens European civilization

- aka w/o Christian values there is no Europe

- Only Christians could circle together the legacies of Greece, Rome, Israel

- Christianity ROOTED in European laws, doesn't think culture can survive with a complete disappearance of Christianity

- Anti-Christian thinking only possible with Christianity

Napoleonic Code

Suffrage granted to all men (you did not need to be land owning to vote), Opened up captialism/competition while abolishing the feudal system, centralized laws, separation of church and state, property rights protected

William Pete the Younger

British philosopher that supported balance of power, England very rich and powerful bc of IR, Brit foreign policy = we are an island and isolate ourselves

The Diplomacy of Congress

- 1818-1822; Big 5 diplomats continuing to meet to maintain balance of powers

- Wanted to stop France from expanding and supported Germany

The German Confederation

- Started at the Congress of Vienna

- 39 states of Germany were not as strong as one united Germany...if they created a strong Germany they would be in a tiffy with France

- Strong enough to serve as a barrier against france

- with it, the two largest states maintained a balance of power (prussia militarily stronger than austria while austria had greater dynastic and diplomatic prestige and held the presidency of the Confederation)

What is the difference between a power and a great power?

Power: you are an active subject in international politics and if you're able to keep yourself an independent state

Great Power: State that has a dom role in a particular area and assumes special responsible in international affairs of other countries (like their agents)

Describe the three points of Restoration

1. Legitimacy - idea that you're legit only with historical historical/dynastic continuity (aka divine rights of kings)

2. Tradition

3. Authority and religion - Restoration based on monarchy and religion as a foundation of social order (ah-solutus = free from restraint of the law/constitution - absolute monarch...not linked to law bc he IS the law

What was pro and anti reasons for The French Rev

Pro: 1. Reason 2. Natural Rights 3. Popular Sovereignty 4. Constitution

VERUS

1. History 2. Tradition 3. Authority 4. Continuity

- two opposing principles of legitimacy

Who spoke on behalf of the French at the Congress of Vienna and why was he important?

Tallyrand...sent by the newly restored Bourbon monarch (King Louis XVIII)...advocated for the French and claimed that they were victimized by Napoleon to make them look less like the bad guys...very witty

Who is Metternich?

STRICT REACTIONARY, INTERVENTIONIST BEFORE BEING SURROUNDED

- Leader of the Austria who helped shape Europe after Napoleon's defeat (restored monarchies, balance of power, wanted to prevent another rev, supported intervention)

- 1815-20 he supported intervening in order to bring down revolutionary uprisings

- suddenly changed bc intervening in every rev is risky, expensive and difficult...Germany was surrounded by alliances that didn't like them, GB disagreed with intervening which made it harder for Metternich to get all powers to cooperate, liberalism and nationalism beginning to threaten conservative intervention, so it was not a change of heart that he became less interventionist, but had to adapt to the new political situation

Diff between Holy Alliance and Concert of Europe

- Holy Alliance: Religious and ideological concept between Russia, Austria, Prussia (if any country tries to go against one of them the other 2 will band together and crush them)

- anti-lib principles esp brought about by Britain

- Concert of europe much more secular...diplomatic consultation/cooperation with great european powers after Napoleon's defeat...main goal to preserve the balance of power (GB, Austria, Russia, Prussia, France trying to restore their legitimacy after Napoleonic era and the French Revolution)

Napoleon III

- King of principle of balance (Metternich) is gone so ppl begin to think of themselves

- N takes power in France and establishes an autocratic regime and wanted to re-est French dominance (needs to reverse what was set in the Congress of Vienna)

- Prussia was beginning to get wicked strong and wanted to create a solid Germany instead of its current confederation

Casus Belli

- Russian justification of their aggression towards other people so the other side would declare war

- Tsar Nichols not happy of Greek Orthodox religious preferences in Palestine and sends Prince on diplomatic mission to Constantinople to get recognition of Russia

- Sultan not satisfying Tsar's demand so Russia occupies Orthodox principalities of Moldavid and Wallachia, so Sultan declares war (other 4 powers encourage Sultan to declare war)

- war bad for OE bc Russia so strong, GB and France declare war on Russia bc of fear of OE collapse

- same time Austria and Prussia sign treaties that go against Russia, Russia loses war

Congress in Paris 1856

- Ending the Crimean War

- black sea neutralized

- Serbia, Moldavia, Wallachia had autonomy

- Russia lost southern Bessarabia and its claim as protector of Ottoman Christians, and the powers guaranteed Ottoman integrity (humiliating)

- broke Austro-Russian friendship

- Showed that OE was declining/at its end bc needed help from GB, France, etc

What were the impacts of the industrialization in Prussia

- Prussia takes advantage of the social aspect of IR in the 1850s bc very effective telecommunication, soldiers, infrastructure...this was big for the economy and ability

- Prussia creates customs union (a close economy integrated between Prussia and other German states) MINUS AUSTRIA which is significant

- Social alliance between Junkers (conservative aristocracy) and industrial bourgeoisie (industrial middle class) bc both wanted a strong and unified Prussian state

Count Otto von Bismarck

- very conservative wing of Junkers and becomes Chancelor in 1862

- Prussia originally pretty liberal but king passes Royal Decree (king signs off on something that bypasses Parliament) for 1. extension period of military services 2. more troops 3. National guard to be formalized army

- only the king could make Bismarck resign (not Parliament)

- 2 phases of strat: first wanted to have war and gain territory, then in 1871 when surrounded by big powers, needed actual diplomatic strategy

What is realpolitik?

Politics based on practical power and national interest rather than ideology or morality (e.g., Bismarck, Kissinger)

Peace of Prague

- Legal agreement after the Austro-Prussian war where Prussia wins

- Brings the German confederation to an end legally

- German states north of River Main remained independent

- Austria and Hungary had separate parliaments, govts, but shared ministries of foreign affairs, war, and finance

- Bismarck creates a nationalistic party that supports him and now is on his final phases of German unification

How does Bismarck cause France to declare war on Prussia strategically?

- Meeting in Ems between king of Prussia and French ambassador

- Bismarck receives telegram from William I to be released by the press, edited the Ems Dispatch to make it seem the king insulted the French ambassador, so France declared war and appeared the aggressor, uniting the German states behind Prussia

- Prussia smacks France bc of their industrialized railway and mobilization, southern German states joined, artillery, and Bismarck made sure to isolate France

Why was France diplomatically isolated in 1870?

Bismarck made France the aggressor in Ems Dispatch, countries allies surrounding it, post FR and Napoleon

Treaty of Frankfurt

end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and most of Lorraine to Germany

How does Jacob Burckhardt explain Bismarck's logistics of power after his victory over Austria

- Nationalists believe power is the primary goal of success and then culture is secondary

- Power is evil no matter who exercises it

- Liberal thought based on individuals, nationalists thought is based on collective will

- anti f

What year was Congress of Berlin and what was discussed?

- Organized by Bismarck 1878...Discussion of the Eastern Question and compromises from First Balkan Wars

- nationalist movements in Bulgaria, Bosnia & Herz

- Russia declares war on Turkey bc they wanted that area of the Balkans and considered themselves the protector of the south slavs

- Treaty of San Stefano gave Russians territorial rights to Bulgaria

- Ultimate compromise reduced Tsar territorial gains, Montenegro and Serbia are independent, Bosnia autonomous but stay under Austrian rule

Treaty of San Stefano

Treaty between Russia and OE in 1878 where Russia gained Bulgaria

William Gladstone and his importance

- Came to GB power in 1880s beating Disraeli

- Liberal and ideas VERY closely align w Woodrow Wilson

- accused conservative govt of subordinate morality to considerations of political realism

- We must build a united movement in order to keep Europe at peace...should follow Christianity and rights of nationalities, self-govt, rights of the people to be free of oppressive rule

- Balance of power is not enough, and you must be guided by moral principle

- Wanted GB less involved in euro conflicts to maintain peace

League of the Three Emperors

- conservative alliance 1873 w/ Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia created by Bismarck

- Balkans split into 3 spheres for these states

- B creates this to keep France isolated and keep peace between Austria and Hungary

- falls apart bc of territorial disputes in the Balkans between Russia and Austria-Hungary after Reassurance Treaty

Reassurance Treaty 1887

secret German-Russian pact: each stayed neutral if the other fought a third power (unless Germany attacked France or Russia attacked Austria-Hungary)

The Social Question

- How do we deal with problems that were created by the IR?

- Exposes a fundamental contradiction WITHIN the liberal system: liberalism emphasizes individual freedom, legal equality, private property, but formal equality before the law doesn't eliminate economic inequality

- Revolutionary socialists wanted to overcome capitalism

- reformist socialists wanted parliamentary action and social legislation

- efforts made to try to reduce the social gap between rich and poor

The National Question

- FR starting this new concept of pop sov, modernization of politics, social reform

- debate over how to align states with nations: unifying fragmented peoples (Germany, Italy) and deciding what to do with minorities in multinational empires (Austria-Hungary, Ottoman, Russia)

- How is nationalism ignited in various nations (italian nationalism linked to patriotism (like it is something bigger than Italy) versus German nationalism of how you must die for the motherland)

- Industrialization does not equate to social equality and ppl think nationalism can counterbalance this...it's almost like a religion

- Gets so crazy to the point where ppl thought if they won WW1 they would reach industrial/social paradise

Weltpolitik and why it's diff from Bismarck policy (what were the TWO BIG MISTAKES)

- Germany's late-1890s policy under Wilhelm II of becoming a global power through colonies, overseas influence, and a large navy

- MISTAKE 1: Bismarck kept Germany secure in Europe through alliances and avoided colonies and a two-front war...wanted more industry and tech development so renewed Reinsurance Treaty with the assumption Germany needed to be closer w Austria and left Russia to own decides (Russia pissed and signs a genuine military pact w France (Franco-Russian Alliance)) so now Germany is surrounded by enemies, Austria now feels free to make war w the Balkans bc Germany is now strong ally

- MISTAKE 2: Germany wanted to collab militarily w GB and GB was in splendid isolation so said no, Germany sends naval ships up to their sea to seem intimidating, GB signs Entente Cordiale w France saying we will be in peace...

Belle Époque

- The period of peace, prosperity, and cultural flourishing in France and Europe from roughly the 1870s to 1914, named in hindsight as a golden age but layers of unrest hidden under it

- significant extension of pacifist ideals

- Bourgeoisie increasingly optimistic

Young Turk Rev and its importance in the grand scheme of things in the Balkans

- YT's wanted regime change in Turkey and a change of the Sultan autocratic regime...wanted a reformed Turkey

- New govt happened to be more authoritarian than the last

- Austria takes adv of chaos and annexes bosnia & herz which was alr in their temp control from Congress of Berlin

- Germany sides w Austria and said to Russia if you don't accept this annexation we are going to war

- Bulgaria wanted more land and fought against OE and got smacked

- OE eventually collapses out of Europe

First Moroccan Crisis

1905; German attempt to break up Franco-English alliance by helping out with Moroccan independence and anti-French control but caused a Russian, French, and English alliance...Thought this was a good idea bc Russia in a war w Japan and that their alliance was fragile

Second Moroccan Crisis

France puts down a rebellion in Morocco (1911); Germany sends boats demanding territorial compensation bc of Algericas Act that gave Morocco authority to France, GB on its heels bc the ships there interrupt GB shipping lanes and backs France...the two sides settle it (Franco-German Agreement)

Algeciras Act

- GERMANY FAILS TO ISOLATE FRANCE AND FRANCE KEEPS DOM INFLUENCE IN MOROCCO

After the First Moroccan Crisis (1905), the powers agreed to keep Morocco independent and open to everyone's trade. France sending troops to Fez in 1911, supposedly to restore order, looked like a step toward taking Morocco outright, which broke that deal

Franco-German Agreement

1911 during Second Moroccan Crisis...France est full protectorate over Morocco

Germany gets territorial comp in form of parts of French Congo

Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum

- issues ultimatum to Serbia about how they wanted to send ppl to conduct a trial on the murderer

- Serbia says no bc they will decide with their own judges

- A-H declares war

Schlieffen Plan

- Tsar orders partial mobilization of troops against Austria and Germany in support of Serbia

- Germany declares war on France

- Germany issues this plan quicker back and they invade neutral Belgium which is against international law

Germany Ultimatum

- declares this on Russia

- wanted Russia to stop its military mobilization

- Germany declares war on Russia

How did GB get involved in WW1

Bc Belgium boarders are close to GB and if they illegally invaded Belgium they were extremely dangerous

Franco-Prussian War

- 1870-71...Prussia wanted to unite the German states into one nation but France wanted to prevent Prussia from being too powerful

- Northern German states completely pro unification but southern more hesitant

- Napoleon III gets involved bc he was worried they would become too strong and not doing anything would make France look weak

- Prussia wins, which leads to the unification of Germany in 1971 and France's loss of Alsace-Lorraine

Why was Germany in a confederation in the first place?

- German states were part of Holy Roman Empire

- Napoleon helped defeat HRE, so after his defeat, Congress of Vienna created the confederation to provide security for the states

-

Nine Crusades

Religious wars (1095 to late 1200s) started by Latin Christendom w Papal backing, mainly to capture/defend Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule

How is Europe's cultural heritage divided?

...

First Balkan War

- 1912 -Serbia joined Greece and Bulgaria to attack the Ottoman Empire and then fought w Bulgaria over the spoils of victory

- dispute that led in 1913 to the Second Balkan War

Second Balkan War

when the allies were unable to agree on how to divide the conquered Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Albania. Greece, Serbia, Romania and the Ottomans attacked and defeated Bulgaria. Bulgaria obtained only a small part of Macedonia and the rest was divided between Serbia and Greece.

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points