Praxis 5025 Section: Language and Literacy

Phonology

Is the organization of sounds in a language

Vocabulary

(semantics) Encompasses both expressive (speaking) and receptive (listening)

Morphology

Is the study of word structure.

Morphemes

Are the smallest units of meaning words.

Grammar

(syntax) Is the structure of language and words.

Pragmatics

Focus on the social cues or norms in language. Often referred to as situations in language.

Discourse

Focuses on speaking and listening skills in language.

Graphophomic

Is the connection between graphmes (written letters or letter combinations) phomemes (spoken words)

What are the oral language areas?

Phonology, vocabulary, morphology, grammar, pragmatics, discourse

What are the stages of word recognition

Pre-Alphabetics phase, Partial-Alphabetic phase, Full-Alphabetic phase, Consolidated-Alphabetic phase

Single Letters

A single consonant letter can be represented by a phoneme

Doublets

A doublet uses two of the same letter to spell a consonant phoneme.

Digraphs

Digraphs are a two-letter (di-) combinations that create one phoneme

Trigraphs

Trigraphs a three letters (tri-) combinations that create one phoneme.

Dipthong

Diphthongs are sounds formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable. The sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another. They can appear in the initial, middle, or final position in a word.

Consonant Blends

Consonant blends include two or three graphemes, and the consonant sounds are separate and identifiable.

Silent letters combinations

Silent letter combinations use two letters: one represents the phoneme, and the other is silent.

Combination qu

These two letters always go together and make a /kw/ sound

Single letters

A single vowel letter that stands for a vowel sound

Vowel Teams

Vowel teams are combinations of two, three, or four letters that stand for a vowel sound

Phoneme

A phoneme is a sound, not a letter of the alphabet

Grapheme

A grapheme is a written letter or group of letters (digraph or trigraph) that represents a single phoneme (sound) (sh,ch, th)

What are the stages for diverse needs (ELL students)?

Pre-Production (L1), Early Production (L2). Speech Emergence (L3), Intermediate Fluency (L4), Advanced Fluency (L5)

Print Awareness

Understanding the nature and uses of print

Environmental Print

Environmental print is the print of everyday life.

What is Concepts of Print?

Understanding the difference between letters, words, punctuation, and directionality.

Print concepts include:

Directionality, layout, differentiation (words vs pictures) and (letters vs sounds)

Phonological Awareness

Identifying and manipulating oral language. (parts of words, syllables, onset, and rime)

Phonemec Awareness

Understanding the individual sounds (phonemes) in a word.

Phonics

Matching the sounds (phonemes) to the spelling patterns (graphemes) representing those sounds: sound + letter = phonics

Onset

The starting consonant or consonant clusters

Rime

The vowel and consonant that follow after

Homophones

Words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings. A homophone can have different spellings (here and hear).

Homonyms

Are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings ex: bark

(tree bark and the sounds that dogs make)

Morphology includes what?

Compound words, root words, prefixes, suffix

Compound Words

Two words put together (ex: mainman)

Root Words

The basic part of the word (ex: unbelievable root word: believe)

Prefixes

Attached to the root word to shift, reverse, or change the meaning (ex: unknown, impossible)

Suffix

Suffixes are at the end of a word; they change the speech to past, present, and verb tense of a word

(ex: -ed, -ing, -s)

What are three main types of cues when they are in the emergent stages of reading

Semantic cues, Syntactic cues, Graphophonic cues.

Semantic Cues

Semantic cues are the meanings in language that assist in comprehending texts, including words, speech, signs, symbols, etc.

Syntactic Cues

Syntactic cues involve the structure of the word as in the rules and patterns of language (grammar) and punctuation.

Graphophonic Cues

Graphophonic cues involve the letter sound or sound symbol relationships of language.

What do fluency checks have?

Prosody, Automaticity, Accuracy, Rate

Prosody

Includes timing, phrasing, emphasis, and intonation that readers use to help convey aspects of meaning and make their speech lively.

Automaticity

Is the fast, effortless word recognition that comes with repeated reading practice.

Accuracy

is the amount of words a student reads correctly.

Rate

Is the speed at which students read words correctly.