Functionalism - Topic 1

The two positive functions of crime, according to Durkheim, are __________ and __________.

Boundary Maintenance/Adaption and Change

Durkheim's Functionalism assumes that crime performs positive functions for society, but it ignores the possibility of negatively affecting __________.

Individuals

Critics of Durkheim argue that he offers no way of finding the _____ _____ of deviance necessary for society to function.

right amount

Merton's Strain Theory suggests that individuals engage in deviant behavior when they can't achieve socially approved goals by __________ means.

Legitimate

Merton identifies five adaptations to the 'American Dream', one of which is __________, where individuals follow the rules and just go through the motions.

Ritualism

According to A.K. Cohen, working class boys suffer __________ when they lack the necessary skills to achieve culturally approved goals.

Status frustration

Cloward and Ohlin identify three subcultures that arise when working class youths are denied legitimate opportunities. One of these is __________ subcultures, which provide an apprenticeship in crime.

Criminal

Conflict subcultures arise in areas of __________ population turnover, preventing stable criminal networks.

High

Critics of Cloward and Ohlin suggest that their theory ignores crimes of the __________ and over-predicts the amount of working class crime.

Wealthy

Cloward and Ohlin's theory is considered __________ because it explains deviant subcultures as forming in reaction to failure.

Reactive

Merton's Strain Theory highlights the importance of __________ and cultural factors leading to deviant behavior.

Structural

One adaptation to the 'American Dream' is __________, where individuals reject both the goals and the means, often leading to addiction.

Retreatism

Merton's approach has been well received because it explains patterns in official __________ and shows how normal and deviant behavior can arise from the same mainstream.

Statistics

A.K. Cohen criticizes Merton for only looking at individual responses to strain and not at group deviance in __________ subcultures.

Delinquent

According to Cloward and Ohlin, retreatist subcultures are composed of double failures who fail both __________ and __________ opportunity structures.

Legitimate/illegitimate

One adaptation to the 'American Dream' is __________, where individuals accept both the goals and the means.

conformity

One adaptation to the 'American Dream' is __________, where individuals reject both the goals and the means, and actively seek to change them.

rebellion

One adaptation to the 'American Dream' is __________, where individuals accept the goals but use illegitimate means to achieve them.

innovation