final review

Parental Occupations

The influence of parents' careers on their children's occupation choices, often leading individuals to pursue similar careers.

Education Levels

A predictor of occupational status; higher education levels generally correlate with higher occupational status.

Middle-Class Homes

Typically promote independent thinking and curiosity, fostering opportunities for high-status occupations.

Disadvantaged Backgrounds

Face barriers such as low access to education and systemic racism, which hinder career advancement.

Holland’s Person-Environment Fit Model

A model linking career choice to personality characteristics like values, interests, needs, and skills.

Personality Types

Categories defined by Holland describing how personal attributes align with different work environments.

Career Satisfaction

The fulfillment and contentment derived from an occupation, often enhanced by the fit between personality and work environment.

Growth Stage

The initial phase of career development (0-14 years) where individuals do not have clear career interests.

Exploration Stage

The stage where adolescents (15-24 years) begin to realistically evaluate different careers and experiences.

Super's Developmental Model

A model that outlines occupational development as a process that evolves from childhood through retirement.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic approach that combines cognitive and behaviour modification techniques to help clients manage their thoughts and behaviours.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, often leading to severe weight loss.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting and excessive exercise.

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)

An eating disorder involving episodes of excessive eating without purging, associated with significant distress.

Psychoanalysis

An insight therapy aimed at uncovering unconscious conflicts influencing behavior through techniques like free association and dream analysis.

Client-Centered Therapy

A humanistic approach developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes a supportive and non-directive therapist-client relationship.

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder

A mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and impaired functioning.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A severe form of dissociation characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities within an individual.

Parasomnias

Sleep disorders characterized by abnormal behaviors or physiological events occurring during sleep.

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD)

A parasomnia causing individuals to act out vivid dreams, often leading to injury.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

An anxiety disorder marked by chronic and excessive worry about various aspects of life without a specific threat.

Cognitive Restructuring

A CBT technique used to identify, challenge, and change negative thoughts contributing to emotional distress.

What cognitive skills are fostered in middle-class homes that relate to career opportunities?

Independent thinking and curiosity.

What are some barriers that hinder career advancement for individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds?

Low access to education and systemic racism.

According to Holland’s Person-Environment Fit Model, what personality characteristics are linked to career choice?

Values, interests, needs, and skills.

What is the general scope of occupational development as described by Super's Developmental Model?

A process that evolves from childhood through retirement.

What two types of therapeutic techniques are combined in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)?

Cognitive and behaviour modification techniques.

What psychological characteristics define Anorexia Nervosa?

An intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image.

What is a common physical manifestation of Anorexia Nervosa?

Severe weight loss.

What are the characteristic behaviors of Bulimia Nervosa?

Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors.

Name two common compensatory behaviors associated with Bulimia Nervosa.

Vomiting and excessive exercise.

What feature distinguishes Binge-Eating Disorder from Bulimia Nervosa?

Episodes of excessive eating without purging.

What emotional state is typically associated with Binge-Eating Disorder episodes?

Significant distress.

What is the primary aim of Psychoanalysis?

Uncovering unconscious conflicts influencing behavior.

Name two techniques commonly used in Psychoanalysis to uncover unconscious conflicts.

Free association and dream analysis.

Who developed Client-Centered Therapy?

Carl Rogers.

What is a core characteristic of the therapist-client relationship in Client-Centered Therapy?

Supportive and non-directive.

Name three key characteristics used to define Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder.

Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

What general aspect of an individual's life is typically impaired in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder?

Functioning.

What general types of events or behaviors characterize Parasomnias?

Abnormal behaviors or physiological events occurring during sleep.

What is a key behavioral symptom of REM Behavior Disorder (RBD)?

Acting out vivid dreams.

What potential negative outcome can result from REM Behavior Disorder (RBD)?

Injury.

What is the primary characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Chronic and excessive worry about various aspects of life.

What distinguishes the worry in GAD from anxiety about a specific threat?

It occurs without a specific threat.

What is a common outcome of parental influence on career choices?

Individuals pursuing similar careers.

What is the primary goal of CBT regarding clients' thoughts and behaviours?

To help clients manage them.

Holland's Personality Orientation Themes

• Realistic (Doers)
• Investigative (Thinkers)
• Artistic (Creators)
• Social (Helpers)
• Enterprising (Persuaders)
• Conventional (Organizers)

Super's Maintenance Stage

A career development stage (45-64 years) where individuals strive to retain their occupational position and achievements.

Super's Decline Stage

A career development stage (65+ years) where individuals begin to disengage from their careers and may transition into retirement.

DSM Manuals (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

• Purpose: Provide a standardized system for classifying psychological disorders, aid diagnosis, and facilitate research and treatment.
• Structure: Categorical organization with diagnostic criteria, prevalence rates, and differential diagnoses for each disorder.

Dissociative Amnesia

An inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.

Localized Amnesia

A type of dissociative amnesia involving a failure to recall events during a specific period; most common type.

Selective Amnesia

A type of dissociative amnesia allowing recall of some, but not all, events during a given period.

Generalized Amnesia

A rare type of dissociative amnesia involving complete loss of memory for one's life history.

Specific Phobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks, which are abrupt surges of intense fear or discomfort.

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by fear or avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, such as open spaces, public transport, or crowds.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety.

Etiology of Depressive Disorders

Factors contributing to depressive disorders can include genetic predispositions, neurochemical imbalances (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine), psychological factors (e.g., negative thought patterns), and environmental stressors.

Etiology of Bipolar Disorders

Factors contributing to bipolar disorders often include strong genetic influences, neurobiological factors (e.g., neurotransmitter dysregulation, brain structure differences), and environmental triggers (e.g., stress, sleep disruption).

DPDR (Dysfunctional Psychological Responses)

A state that can involve depersonalization (feelings of unreality or detachment from oneself) and/or derealization (feelings of unreality or detachment from one's surroundings).

Schizophrenia Etiology

The causes of schizophrenia are complex, involving a combination of genetic factors, neurodevelopmental issues (e.g., problems during brain development), neurochemical imbalances (e.g., dopamine hypothesis), and environmental stressors.

Goals of Behavioral Therapy

To eliminate maladaptive behaviours and learn more adaptive ones through principles of learning, such as classical and operant conditioning.

Lambert’s Common Factors

Key concepts in psychotherapy that predict treatment outcome regardless of therapy type:

• Client Factors (extratherapeutic change)
• Therapeutic Relationship (common factors)
• Hope and Expectancy (placebo effects)
• Model/Technique (specific techniques)

Model of Complete Mental Health (Positive Psychology)

A model suggesting that mental health involves both the absence of mental illness and the presence of high levels of well-being (flourishing).

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Can include impaired cognitive function, decreased reaction time, mood disturbances, weakened immune system, and increased risk of accidents.

Avoiding Drowsy Driving

Strategies include getting adequate sleep, avoiding driving when fatigued, taking breaks, and using a 'sleep buddy' for long trips.

Recognizing Signs of Fatigue

Warning signs include frequent yawning, heavy eyelids, difficulty remembering the last few miles driven, drifting from a lane, and missing exits.

Making Informed Decisions to Prevent Drowsy Driving

Choosing not to drive when tired, arranging alternative transportation, or pulling over to rest or nap when fatigue sets in.

Rent-a-sister Concept

A social support service where an individual provides assistance, companionship, and emotional support, acting as a 'sister' figure.

Anamorphic Drawings

Distorted projections or perspectives requiring the viewer to use special devices or occupy a specific vantage point to reconstitute the image.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities.

Implementation Stage (Super's Model)

The career development stage (25-44 years) where individuals commit to a specific career and strive for advancement.

Occupational Congruence (Holland's Model)

The degree of fit between an individual's personality type and the characteristics of their work environment, leading to greater satisfaction.

Comorbidity with Eating Disorders

Eating disorders often co-occur with other mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders.

Unconditional Positive Regard (Client-Centered Therapy)

A core principle of client-centered therapy where the therapist accepts and supports the client without judgment, fostering self-acceptance.

Exposure Therapy

A behavioral CBT technique used to treat anxiety disorders by gradually exposing the client to feared objects or situations in a safe environment.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are additions to normal experience, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.

Amnesia (Dissociative Identity Disorder)

A common symptom of DID where individuals experience significant gaps in memory regarding personal information, traumatic events, or daily occurrences.

Normal REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by vivid dreaming, muscle paralysis (atonia), and rapid eye movements.