A&P1 Practical 1 Review

anatomy

the study if the structure and relationships between body parts

Physiology

the study of the function of the body and body parts as a whole

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward and the thumbs facing away

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

away from the head

anterior/ ventral

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Caudal

toward the tail (buttocks)

cephalad

directed toward or situated in or near the head or anterior section

intermediate

between two structures

Proximal

towards an attached base or joint

Distal

away from an attached base or joint

superficial

close to the body surface

Deep

farther from the surface

Sagittal Plane

runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions (upper and lower)

cranial/cephalic

head

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye cavity

Buccal

cheek

mental

chin

sternal

sternum

Pectoral

chest

Umbilical

belly button

Inguinal

groin

coxal

hip

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

kneecap

Pedal

foot

Tarsal

ankle

Crural

shin

pubic

genital region

Digits (phalanges)

fingers

Palmar

palm

carpal

wrist

Antebrachial

forearm

Antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

Brachial

upper arm

mamary

nipple

Axillary

armpit

Acrominal

shoulder

Cervical

neck

oral

mouth

Nasal

nose

octic (posterior view)

ear

Cephalic

head

Acromial

point of shoulder

vertabral

spine

dorsal

back

Olecranal

posterior surface of elbow

Lumbar

lower back

Scaral

tailbone

Gluteal

buttock

perineal

between anus and external genitalia

Popliteal

posterior knee area

Sural

posterior surface of the calf

Calcaneal

heel

plantar

bottom of foot

Body Cavities

spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

cranial cavity

contains the brain

Spinal/vertebral cavity

contians spinal cord

thoracic cavity

chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum

Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Abdominopelvic cavity

contains both abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

mediastinum (labeled by #5 and #6)

area of the chest where organs like the heart, great vessels, and trachea is located. Part of the thoracic cavity

pleural cavity

contains the lungs. Part of the thoracic cavity

pericardial cavity

contains the heart. Part of the thoracic cavity.

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Parietal (1)

walls of a cavity (external). For instance this picture shows the partietal layer of the pleural cavity, or AKA Partietal Pleura.

visceral (2)

serious membrane that covers the surface of the organs within the cavity itself. For instance this picture shows the visceral layer of the pleural cavity, or AKA Visceral Pleura. (btw #3 is the pleural cavity itself)

integumentary system (5)

protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

skeletal system (2)

Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

Muscular System (6)

produces body movement, provides support and generates heat when muscles contract

nervous system (10)

directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

endocrine system (4)

directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

cardiovascular system (7)

transports cells and dissolved materials in the bloodstream, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

lymphatic system (3)

Defense against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream

respiratory system (8)

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound

digestive system (1)

processes food and absorbs nutrients (carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water)

urinary system (11)

Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes; controls pH

reproductive system (9)

produce sex cells, hormones, supports embryotic development from fertilization to birth (female)

What are the 3 epithelial tissue?

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, and stratified squamous.

simple squamous tissue (location, function, classification)

aveoli and blood vessels (endothelium), diffusion, epithelial tissue

simple cuboidal tissue (location, function, classification)

kidneys (especifically kidney tubules), secretion + absorption + diffusion diffusions, epithelial tissue

stratified squamous tissue (location, function, classification)

skin, protection, epithelial tissue

What are the 3 type of connective tissues you need to know for unit 1?

Areolar, Adipose and Reticular

areolar tissue (location, function, classification)

dermis/hypodermis, bind tissues & cushions organs, connective tissue

adipose (location, function, classification)

under the skin (subcutaneous) and around internal organs (visceral), energy storage and protection, connective tissue

reticular (location, function, classification)

spleen, provide support/structure and resists distortion, connective tissue

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

membrane around the cell, structural support

Nucleus

Holds DNA and nucleolus. Controls metabolism; stores and processes genetic information; controls protein synthesis.

Mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

makes energy in the form of ATP