Diabetes Mellitus Part 2 - Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Management

Vocabulary flashcards covering the clinical features, diagnosis, acute management, complications, triggers, and long-term management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

An acute complication of diabetes characterized by metabolic acidosis (low pH and low $HCO_3^-$), elevated random blood sugar (e.g., $300\,\text{mg/dL}$), ketonuria ($4+$), and high levels of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate.

Plasma Beta-hydroxybutyrate

The most acidic ketone body, which is found elevated in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Leading Cause of Death in Pediatric DKA

Cerebral edema, which is the most common cause of death in children with diabetic ketoacidosis, followed by dehydration.

Classic Breath and Respiratory Signs of DKA

Kussmaul breathing and a fruity odor in the breath (acetone breath).

First-Line Fluid for DKA

Normal Saline (NS) + KCl ($40\,\text{mEq/L}$), or Ringer's lactate.

Treatment of Choice (TOC) for DKA

Insulin drip.

Fluid Used When Blood Sugar Falls to $250\,\text{mg/dL}$ in DKA

$5\%$ Dextrose in $0.45\%$ Normal Saline (NS).

Triggers for DKA

Precipitating causes such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTI), insulin pump malfunction, and insulin non-compliance.

Carbohydrate Counting

The dietary management component essential for the long-term management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).

Recommended Physical Activity in T1DM

Moderate to vigorous physical activity for $60\,\text{min/day}$.