genetics chapter two

What is Reproduction?

It is the biological process by which new individual

organisms(offspring) are produced by their

parents

Differences in the Genetic Characteristics of Prokaryotes

prokaryotes consists of circular DNA, a nucleoid, a flagellum, and a cell wall,

what components do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not have?

Eukaryotic organisms have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

There are three major groups of prokaryotic organisms

1) Eubacteria, 2) Archaea, and 3) Eukaryotes

out of the three major groups of prokaryotic organisms, which groups are most similar in cell structure?

Eubacteria and archaea are similar in cell structure

which major prokaryotic group can express some genetic processes?

archaea can express transcription

prokaryotic organism characteristics:

are unicellular, usually process only one chromosome per cell, and have no membrane-bound organelles

explain how prokaryotic organisms reproduce:

prokaryotes divide by binary fission

what is binary fission?

A single prokaryotic cell or certain single-celled eukaryotes duplicates its genetic material and divides into two identical daughter cells

eukaryotic organism characteristics:

are either unicellular or multicellular and have more than one chromosome per cell

Multicellular higher eukaryote cells are diploid, except what kind of cell?

the sex cell, gamete

Eukaryotic Saccharomyces pombe has how man chromosmes

three

Eukaryotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae has how many chromosomes?

sixteen

Eukaryotic S. cerevisiae often contain two complete sets of chromosomes meaning that they are?

a diploid organism

Eukaryotic S. pombe often contain one complete set of chromosomes meaning that they are?

a haploid organism

large biomolecular complexes

are assemblies of macromolecules that carry out specialized functions but are not membrane bound

what is chromatin?

a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, RNA, and protein

how are chromatin formed?

the DNA associated with the histone proteins work to form chromatin

how do multicelluar eukaryotic organisms produce somatic cells

they divide by mitosis

How do multicellular eukaryotic organisms produce gamete cells

they divide by meiosis

how do viruses multiply inside of their host?

by hijacking the hosts synthesis machinery (DNA,RNA, proteins and ATP)

what are the three requirements for cell reproduction to occur

genetic materials of the cell must be copied, replicated, and divided