Chapter 7 Biology

Who discovered the cell

In 1655 Robert hooke discovered the cell.

Cells produce?

Proteins

All living things are made of

Cells

What is the basic unit of structure and living things?

Cells

Cytoplasm

The portion of the cell outside of the nucleus

Nucleus

The control center with dna

Nuclear envelop

The outside membrane of the nucleus.

What is inside of the nucleus?

Chromatin, and the nucleolus

Nucleolus

Makes machines for proteins.

Vacuoles

Storage for the cell, materials like water, salts, protein, and carbs are put into the vacuole.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into smaller molecules.

Cytoskeleton

This helps the cell maintain it’s shape and it is also involved in movement.

Three parts of the nucleus

Nucelolus, nuclear envelop, and chromatin.

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not enclose their DNA, smaller and simple and they are usually bacteria.

Eukaryotes

Cells that enclose their dna, longer and more complex.

Nuclear pores

The entry point for ribosomes.

Chloroplasts

They make sugar molecules through photosynthesis which plants use.

Mitochondria

In eukoaryotic cells, plants and humans have mitochondria. This converts sugar to useable energy. Mitochondria only comes from the egg of your mom. Not the sperm. You inherit more from your mom.

Ribosomes

small particles of RNA and protein.

Endoplasmic reticulum

lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled.

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.

vesicles

stores materials in the cell.

Cell wall

Shapes, supports, and protects the cell.

Cell membrane

Regulates materials entering and leaving cell protects and supports cell.

RER

Ribosomes are all over this which makes it rough endoplasmic recticulum.

SER

No ribosoes, makes lipids, and detoxes from drugs.

Chromatin

DNA tied to protein.

Cell membrane

Made out of lipids and proteins, it regulates what exits and enters the cell and its basically like a lipid bilayer with 2 layers.

Hydrophobic

Heads (loves water)

Hydrophilic

tails (hates water)

Isotonic

Same strength, concentrations,

Cell Wall

It shapes and it protects the cell.

Hypertonic

Above is otomic - to extracellular, solution outside higher concentration. This can cause a cell to die.

Hypotonic

Below Isotomic: To much intracellular. This can cause a cell to burst.

Osmosis

Is the diffusion of water through semi-permeable membrane in plants.

Diffusions

High or low

Concentration Gradient

Molecules move from high to low concentration of molecules.

What is able to go through lipids without an issue?

Carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Passive transport (no ATP)

Facilitated diffusion includes, osmosis (aquaporin), and protein channels.

Passive transport

low to high movement (active transport)

Active transport (ATP)

endocytosis, and exocytosis

Endocytosis

Endocytosis uses vesicles, there are three in total. Phagocytosis, recptor-mediated, pinocytos

Exocytosis

when the cell takes out stuff, exiting.

Phagocytosis

Eating

Receptor-mediated

picky about incoming substances so they have to bind together.

Pinocytosis

Drinking

Unicellular organisms

These grow, respond to enviroment, transfer energy, and reproduce.

Multicullular organisms

More then one cell.

Cell specialization

perform different taks and they maintain homeostasis through many cell types

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function together.

Level of organization

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.