bio chem test 1 study guide

gene array method

for analysis of the gene expression levels, based on measuring the amount of mRNA produced from individual genes

what is the first stage of gene array method?

lysis and purification of total cellular mRNA

what is the second stage of the gene array method?

purified mRNAs are modified/labeled ctypically at 5’ ends with fluorescent dye

what is the third stage of gene array method?

hybridization

what is the fourth stage of gene array method?

measure fluorescent intensities in individual cells

Bends where is it found, description

what is the example of anticancer drugs and description

CISPLATIN- acts by inducing apoptosis( programmed cell death)

cruciforms where is it found, description

are found in control regions or at origins of DNA replication, molecular switches for replication and transcription

triple bond where is it found, description

triple stranded DNA complexes are formed during DNA recombination

quadruple bond where is it found, description

are found in the Eukaryotic telemeters, specialized structures that act as a biological clock

what are topoisomerases?

enzymes that can regulate the formation of subhelices, they relax the supercoiled DNA

what is mRNA?

carry the information for the primary structure of proteins

what is tRNA?

it has two roles; physically carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis and recognizing codons in mRNA

what is ribosomal RNA?

forms the core of small and large ribosomal subunits, it accounts for most (80%) of cellular RNA and is metabolically stable

what is small stable RNA? (ssRNAs)

have been implicated in RNA processing and transport, control of translation, and protein recognition

mechanism of peptide bond

what are nucleotides?

phosphate esters of nucleosides that perform as co-factors and second messengers

what is one example of high order DNA structure

supercoiled DNA

what is the transcription unit of bacterial mRNA

polycistonic

what is the transcription unit of animal mRNA

monocistronic

what is supercoiled DNA

enzymes that regulate formation of superhelixes

what is the role of nucleases

break/ cleave phosphodiester group in the middle of polymer

what is the role of polymerase

synthesize DNA & RNA

can genomic DNA be circular or linear ( true o false)

True

is bacterial DNA is circular (true or false)

true

how does circular DNA form?

results from the formation of phosphodiester bonds of linear polynucleotides which carried out by the enzyme called DNA ligase

define the primary structural organization of proteins

refers to the structure of individual amino acids, peptide bonds are key stabilization of chemical bonds

define the secondary structural organization of proteins

local 3D structure of a single protein, there is two types- A-Helix and B- sheet, hydrogen bonds are key stabilization of chemical bonds

define the tertiary structural organization of proteins

non local 3D structure of a single protein, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, s-s bridges, electrostatic interaction between the site chains of positivity and negativity changed amino acids all these are key stabilization of chemical bonds

define the quartenary structural organization of proteins

complex/ assembly of multiple proteins, same key stabilization of chemical bonds as the tertiary

what are the key types of post translational modification of protein

phosphorylation, glycosylation, fatty acid acylation

describe what is happening

genetic information is transmitted from DNA to RNA by transcription, the sequence of RNA is then translated into a protein sequence at the ribosome,

what is phosphorylation

common way of regulation of enzymatic activities, phosphate grown covalently attached

what is glycoslation

sugar molecules covalently attached to a protein

what is fatty acid acylation

fatty acid molecule covalently attached to a protein

define Km in the Michaels plot

concentration of a substrate corresponding to half maximal reaction rate