Lifespan Development - Exam 2 Material

weight doubles from 6-11

girls retain more fatty tissure than body

grow about 2-3 inches per year

how do kids grow in middle childhood?

snacks!

where do 1/3 of kids calories come from in middle childhood?

~10 hours

sleep for middle childhood

brain development in middle childhood

loss in density of gray matter

steady increase in white matter for fine motor control

recess-time play

boys are more physical

girls tend to favor games with verbal expression (jump rope)

rough-and-tumble play

40%

skill building, not winning

how many kids participate in organized athletics and what should they focus on?

30%

15%

how many kids are overweight and obese?

Acute medical conditions from obesity

infections

allergies

flu

warts

chronic medical conditions

hypertension

asthma

diabetes

safety for middle childhood

accidents are still leading cause of death

88% of brain injuries could be prevented by using helmets

spatial relationships

piagetian approach

clean idea of distance from place to place

use logical thought in real time

seriation

arranging objects in a series, based on a dimension

transitive inference

knowing the relationship between two objects, based on the relationship to a third

class inclusion

ability to see relationship between a whole and its parts

inductive reasoning

starting specific and making generalizations

“my dog barks, his dog barks → all dogs bark”

deductive reasoning

starting general and then making specific statements

“all dogs bark → buster is a dog. buster barks”

conservation

understand identity, reversibility, decentering

glasses of water example

executive function

developmental changes in brain structure

attention

information

behavior

selective attention

focus on information they need

ignore irrelevant information

number and mathematics for middle childhood

“count on”

solving simple story problems

understand fractions

able to estimate

language in middle childhood

use increasingly precise verbs

use the passive voice and conditional sentences

syntax structure continues to become more complex

decoding (reading)

emphasizes phonetic, or code-emphasis, approach

visually based retrieval (reading)

whole-language approach

convergent thinking

the kind IQ tests measure

seeks a single answer

divergent thinking

creativity

develops a wide array of new possibilities

representational systems

the thrid stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of self

industry vs inferiority

which of erik erikson’s psychosocial development occurs during middle childhood?

virtue of “competence”

successful resolution of crisis

seeing the self as able to master skills and complete tasks

includes social support from family and friends

inferiority

“not good at anything”

not motivated to try

criticizes self

self esteem in US

physical appearance and social acceptance

self esteem in other cultures

school competence

coregulation

parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation

popular children

have superior social skills, are high achievers, are assertive without being aggressive

unpopular children

either rejected or neglected

friendship in middle childhood

with people who are like them → learn to communicate and cooperate → reflects cognitive and emotional growth

increases and becomes more verbal

hostile aggression in middle childhood

bullying

aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target or victim

have average or > than average self esteem

kids who bully

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance

conduct disorder (CD)

repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others

common emotional problems in middle childhood

school phobia

separation anxiety disorder

social phobia

generalized anxiety disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

treatment techniques

individual psychotherapy

family therapy

behavior therapy

art therapy and play therapy

drug therapy

resilient children

those who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

type of play at 11-12 years

best friends become very important

interest in opposite sex (girls more precocious)

puberty

process that leads to sexual maturity and ability to reproduce

physical changes of puberty

• growth spurt

• pubic hair

• deeper voice

• muscular growth

primary sex characteristics for females

ovaries

fallopian tubes

uterus

vagina

primary sex characteristics for males

testes

penis

scrotum

seminal vesicles

prostate gland

secondary sex characteristics for females

breasts

pubic hair

pelvis changes

secondary sex characteristics for males

testes enlargement

broad shoulders

facial hair

spermarche

first ejaculation

nocturnal emission

average at age 13

menarche

first menstruation

average at age 12 1/2

adrenarche

adrenal glands begin producing adrenal androgens (DHEA and DHEAS)

typically between 6 to 8 years

gonadarche

primary reproductive organs mature and begin producing sex hormones at the start of puberty

1 hour/day

what is the physical activity recommendation for adolescence?

8-10 hours

what is the recommended sleep for adolescents?

sleep patterns in adolescents

changes in circadian timing and melatonin secretion happens later

school schedules are out of sync with biological rhythms

anorexia nervosa

self-starvation

distorted body image

constantly dieting and believe they are fat

may cause irregularity or cessation of menstruation

often high achievers and perfectionists

bulimia nervosa

bingeing and undoing of caloric intake on regular basis

self-induced vomiting

excessive exercise

laxatives

diuretics

binge eating disorder

frequent binging without subsequent fasting, exercise, vomiting

most common eating disorder in US

firearms

vehicular accidents

suicide

what are the leading causes of death in adolescence?

formal operations

a capacity for abstract thought

more flexible way to manipulate information

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

formal operations

what is piaget’s stage for adolescence?

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erik Erikson

“who am i?”

exploring various identities, roles, and beliefs

failure to resolve can lead to role confusion and weak sense of self

identity achieved (marcia)

crisis and comminment made

adultlike acceptance of social, religious, political, or vocational alternatives

foreclosure (marcia)

no crisis and commitment made

commitment predetermined by political, social, or religious affiliation

moratorium (marcia)

crisis and no commitment

period of exploration of alternatives

identity diffusion (marcia)

no crisis and no commitment

ambiguous belief systems; no vocational commitment

HPV

what is the most common STI?

age 13

when are family conflict and positive identification with parents highest?

sexuality in adolescence

• seeing oneself as sexual being

• recognize one’s sexual orientation

• forming romantic or sexual attachments

• awareness of sexuality

prudential issues

related to health and safety

personal issues

how teens spend their time and money

siblings in adolescents

conflict declines and can exert positive or negative effects on each other

friendships in adolescent

more important than in any other life period

choose friends similar to them

more intense and intimate

how are romantic relationships in adolescents?

antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency

tends to run in families

genes alone aren’t predictors

environmental influences affect gene expression

neurobiological deficits

establishing a career, forming intimate relationships, starting a family

what are 3 important tasks most people associate with adulthood?

accidents (MVC, firearms, suicide)

leading causes of death in young adulthood

5 behavioral influences on health

stress, sleep, smoking, vaping, alcohol

symptoms of major depressive disorder

persistent sadnss, loss of interest, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

physical and emotional discomfort two weeks prior to menstruation

postformal thought

ability to deal with inconsistency, contradictions, and to compromise

able to be flexible

reflective thinking

questioning facts, drawing inferences, making connections

stages (see world as black/white or right/wrong, multiplicity, contextual relativism and commitment to it)

insight and know-how sternberg

triarchic theory

componential, experiential, contextual

achieving stage (using or applying knowledge to reach personal and professional goals)

what stage of schaie’s theory is young adulthood?

emotional intelligence

the ability to recognize and deal with one’s own feeling and the feelings of others

autonomy, community, divinity

what are richard shweder’s three major ethical systems that shape culture?

spillover hypothesis

“do people change because of the kind of work they do?”

gender, academic ability, early attitudes toward education, race and ethnicity, expectations in late adolescence, social class, choice of when to start parenthood

what are some influences that determine paths to adulthood?

normative stage models

frameworks that describe the typical developmental stages individuals go through throughout life, such as moral reasoning or cognitive development

timing of events model

course of development depends on when certain events occur in people’s lives

trait model

psychological models that focus on the measurement and examination of different traits

typological model

categorize poeple into different types based on their characteristics or behaviors

intimacy vs isolation

what is erikson’s normative stage of young adulthood?

normative life events

those that typically happen at certain times of life, such as marriage, parenthood, retirement, etc

social clock

society’s norms or expectations for the appropriate time of life events

typological models

jack block

looking at personality as a functioning whole

ego-resilient

people are cell-adjusted; self-confident, independent, articulate, attentive helpful, cooperative and task-focused

overcontrolled

people are shy, quiet, anxious and dependable; tend to keep thought to themselves and to withdraw from conflict and they are most subject to depression