Chapters 1.1-1.5: Anatomy and Physiology

appendicular

to hang something: pertaining to upper limbs and lower limbs

pericardium

heart: membrane that surrounds the heart. fluid-filled, double-walled protective sac that encloses the heart and roots of the great blood vessels

cerebrum

largest part of the brain

cranial

helmet: pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain

dorsal

the back: position toward the back of the body

homeostasis

same: maintenance of a constant internal environment

nasal

pertaining to the nose

orbital

circle: pertaining to the portion of the skull that encircles an eye

parietal membrane

wall: membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

pelvic cavity

basin: basin shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones

pericardial membrane

around: membrane that surrounds the heart

pleural membrane

rib:membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage

homeostasis

standing still: maintence of a stable internal environments

superior

above - referring to a body part located above another

anatomy

examines the structures of body parts- what they do and how they do it

physiology

considers the functions of body parts- what they do and how they do it

atom

smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element

subatomic particles

parts of an atom, including protons, electrons, and neutrons

molecule

particle composed ot two or more joined atoms

ex: water molecule, glucose molecule

macromolecule

very large molecule, such as a protein, starch, or nucleic acid

ex: protein molecule, DNA molecule

cell

the structural and functional unit of an organism

ex: muscle cell, nerve cell

organelle

any of the structures in cells that has a specialized function

ex” mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus

tissue

assembled group of similar cells that performs a specialized function

ex: bone, simple squamous epithelium

organ

structure consisting of two or more tissues with a specialized function

ex: skin, femur, heart, kidney

internal enviroment

the enviroment within the body in which cells live

cell membrane

the selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

pressure gradient

difference in the pressure of a liquid or gas from one area to another; as between the plasma and extracellular fluid between air in the lungs and atmosphere

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a chemical from one area to another; as on the opposite sides of a cell membrane

permeant

processing the ability to cross a cell membrane

permeable

open for passage across a cell membrane

cellular differentiation

the process of embryonic cells becoming fated for their various functions

membrane receptors

proteins found on a cell membrane that can bind to chemicals such as neurotransmitters and hormones

homeostatic mechanism

any of the control systems that help maintain a nornmal internal enviroment in the body; self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal enviroment and correct them as needed

feedback loop

an underlying component of the physiological control systems that maintain homeostasis

growth

increase in cell number and size and increase in body size

reproduction

production of new cells and organisms

responsiveness

reaction to a change inside or outside of the body

movement

change in body position or location; motion of internal organs

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: energy production and nutrient cycling

respiration

acquiring energy. most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

digestion

breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the bloodd

circulation

moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

excretion

removing waste products

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells and outside of blood vessels; tissue fluid

hydrostatic pressure

pressure exerted by fluids, such as blood pressure. keeps blood flowing

receptor

specialized cell or structure that provides information about the enviroment; detects and provides information about the stimuli

effector

a muscle or gladnd that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal enviroment

negative feedback

a mechanism that restores the level of a biochemical or other condition in the internal enviroment

positive feedback

process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions

gross anatomy

large structures

ex: the brain

microscopic anatomy

same structures on a different scale

ex: nerve cells in the brain

integumentary system

encloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptors, protects tissues, regulates body temperature

ex: hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

skeletal system

supports movement, supports the body, provides framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, stores inorganic salts

ex: cartilage, bones, joints, ligaments

muscular system

enables movement (with skeletal) helps produce body heat, maintains posture

ex: muscles, tendons

nervous system

detects and processes sensory information, detects changes, activates bodily responses, stimulates muscles and glands

ex: brain, nerves, spinal cord, sense organs

endocrine system

secretes hormones, regulates bodily processes, control metabolic activities of body structures

ex: ovaries, testes, adrenal glands, pancreas, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, pineal gland, and thymus

cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body, move blood through vessels and transport substances throughout the body

ex: heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, veins

lymphatic system

returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection

ex: spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, lymphatic vessels

Respiratory System

Removes carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood, intake and output of air

ex: lungs, trachea, nasal passage, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchi

Digestive System

Processes food for use by the body, receives, breaks down, and absorbs food, eliminates unabsorbed material

ex: stomach, liver, large/small intestine, mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, gallbladder, pancreas

Urinary System

controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, stores and eliminates urine

ex: kidneys, urinary bladder, uters, urethra

anabolic reactions

build reactions, and they consume energy

catabolic reacions

break down materials and release energy

serous membrane

lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart

reproductive system

produce and maintan sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract; produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, and function in birth process

ex: male: scrotum, testes, epiddymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis; female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

gradients and permeability

cells move from high to low, down pressure and concentration gradients, across permeable membranes

cell membrane mechanisms

determine entry of substances, responds to signals

cell to cell communication

via membrane receptors

balance

replacement of lost substances, elimination of excesses

energy processes

keeps cells alive

atmospheric pressure

important for breathing

control center

decision maker that maintains the set point