Business Ethics Test 1

decision-making

Behavioral ethics examines the situational, psychological, and social forces that influence ______-_______.

reflective morals

A primary goal of studying behavioral ethics is to increase awareness of the disconnect between our actual behavior and our ______ ______.

framing

The bias where the way a problem or prompt is presented alters a person's decision is known as ______ bias.

ethical fading

The process by which ethical dimensions are stripped away or erased from a decision is called ______ _______.

moral myopia

The psychological phenomenon where individuals fail to see ethical issues because of an intense focus on business goals is called ______ _______.

confirmation

The tendency to seek, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms one's existing beliefs is known as ________ bias.

frames

How a person _____ a question can often be a direct function of confirmation bias.

conformity

The tendency of people to behave like those around them instead of exercising independent judgment is called _______ bias.

herd

Conformity bias is closely related to the idea of a _____ mentality.

Asch; pressure

The social psychology experiments conducted by Solomon _____ demonstrated how individual judgment succumbs to group _______.

Milgram; conformity

The authority obedience experiments conducted by Stanley _____ highlight how situational pressure drives ______ to instructions.

Responsibility

In behavioral ethics rationalizations, Denial of ________ occurs when actors believe they have no choice but to engage in corrupt behavior.

• The verbalization 'I didn't do anything wrong, it was an accident'

Injury

The rationalization technique where actors convince themselves that no one is harmed by their actions is known as Denial of _____.

• The phrase 'nobody got hurt, I didn't steal, I just borrowed'.

Victim

The rationalization technique in which actors counter blame by arguing that the violated party deserved what happened is called Denial of the ______.

• The verbalization 'they got what they deserved'

Condemning

When actors shift attention away from their conduct and onto the motives of rule enforcers, they use the rationalization known as _________ the Condemners.

• The verbal statement 'this place is unfair or corrupt'

Higher Loyalties

The rationalization technique in which actors argue that their norm violation was due to attempting to realize a higher-order value is called Appeal to _____ ______.

• The justification 'I did it for the company'

Ledger

The rationalization where actors feel entitled to commit deviant acts because of accrued job credits or past hard work is called Metaphor of the ______.

• The verbalization 'I've done way more good than bad in my life'

Entitlement

The rationalization where actors justify wrongful conduct on the grounds that they deserve its benefits is called Claim of _________.

• The statement 'I deserve this, I've earned the right to have this'

Acceptability

Justifying corrupt behavior by comparing it to others committing worse actions is known as Claim of Relative _______/Normality.

• The verbal statement 'everybody does it'

incrementalism

The ethical slippery slope where small unethical actions gradually escalate into major scandals is called _____.

incrementalism

The corporate collapse of Enron and recent college admissions scandals are classic examples of _____ in behavioral ethics.

Fundamental Attribution

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when judging others' behavior is called the ________ ________ Error.

Overconfidence

An overly optimistic belief in one's own competence, moral standard, or judgment is called _________ Bias.

1-2

Step 1 of Hosmer's Ethical Decision-Making Process requires distilling the moral problem down to _____ sentence(s).

tension

In Step 1 of Hosmer's framework, the problem statement must make the ethical _____ clear.

unknown

Step 2 of Hosmer's Ethical Decision-Making Process focuses on identifying additional _____ facts and assumptions.

3-4

Step 3 of Hosmer's process involves identifying _____ realistic alternatives to resolve the dilemma.

differentiated

Alternatives in Step 3 of Hosmer's framework must be ethically _____ and not mere variations of the same theme.

behavioral

Step 4 of Hosmer's framework evaluates how _______ ethics concepts might influence decision-makers and how to mitigate them.

virtue

Step 5 of Hosmer's framework requires applying shareholder, stakeholder, and _____ theories to the dilemma.

mission

In Virtue Theory under Step 5 of Hosmer's framework, analysis often relies on the company's _____ statement or code of conduct.

alternative

In Step 6 of Hosmer's Ethical Decision-Making Process, the decision-maker must state their final conclusion and explain why they rejected ______ courses of action.

profitability

Shareholder Theory posits that management's primary duty is to maximize shareholder value and _____.

Friedman

The economist famous for asserting in 1970 that 'The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits' is Milton _____.

free

Milton Friedman argued that businessmen speaking of corporate social responsibility were unwitting puppets of forces undermining a _____ society.

Ford

The 1919 legal case often cited in support of shareholder primacy is Dodge v. _____ Motor Co.

Wrigley

The 1968 court case involving the Chicago Cubs stadium lights that tested corporate purpose is Shlensky v. _____.

shareholder

Stakeholder Theory serves as a direct rebuke to _________ primacy.

Utilitarianism

The ethical philosophy stating that the right action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number is _____________.

consequentialist

Utilitarianism is an ends-based or ____________ moral philosophy.

Mill

The two major classical philosophers associated with Utilitarianism are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart _____.

Pinto

The Ford _____ memo is a famous real-world example of cost-benefit analysis used in utilitarian decision-making.

rules; forbidden

Deontological ethics is a philosophy where the morality of an action is judged based on the action’s adherence to _____.\

• No matter how good the consequences, some choices are morally ________

Kant

The philosopher who formulated the Categorical Imperative as a cornerstone of deontological ethics is Immanuel _____.

universal

Kant's Categorical Imperative dictates that one should act only according to maxims that can be willed as _____ law.

basic

Rights Theory in business ethics prioritizes _____ rights over non-basic rights when addressing stakeholder claims.

Justice

The ethical framework centered on fair distribution of benefits and burdens and protecting vulnerable stakeholders is _____ Theory.

Ignorance

John Rawls proposed the concept of the 'Veil of _____' to establish fair principles of distributive justice.

Libertarianism

Robert Nozick presented _____ as a philosophical rebuke to Rawlsian distributive justice theory.