CT: Bone, Articular Cartilage, Nervous system

it is continuously remodeling

how is bone dynamic

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

osteoclasts

what are cellular components of bone

osteoid

what is the name of the matrix of collagen fibers, GAGs, and glycoproteins within bone

osteoblast

which bone cells lays down the mineralized matrix for bone

osteoblasts

what type of cell produces osteoid

osteocyte

once surrounded by osteoid, what does the osteoblast become

lacunae

what is the name for the pit that osteocytes live in

stress

what causes turn over for bones

osteoclast

what type of cell reabsorbs bone cells

hormone, stress, disease tumor

what types of things can stimulate an osteoclasts

inorganic material

what is the part of the bone matrix that makes bone heavy

cortical bone

this type of bone forms the outer shell and has a Haversian lamella

trabecular

this type of bone has a large mesh structure, spaces are filled with red marrow. there is a non-havesian lamella

osteon

what is the structural unit of cortical bone, haversian system

border, central canal, circular layers

what are the structures within an osteon

the central canal

where does the blood supply and nerves for a singular osteon come from

the cement line

what is the name for the border of an osteon

lammellae

what is the name for the concentric rings around the central canal

lacunae

what are the cavities within the lamellae that house osteocytes

canuliculi

what small canal connects adjacent lacunae, but not osteons

volkmans canal

what are the larger canals that connect canuliculi in one osteon to caniculi of another

blood vessels

what is within the volkmans canal

periosteum

what is the name for the outer covering of bone

fibrous and canbium

what are the two layers of the periosteum

Endosteium

what is the name for the membrane that separates bone and bone marrow within the medullary canal

basic multicellular units (BMU)

how is the remodeling of cortical bone carried out

activation of osteoclasts forms a cutting cone

what is the first step of BMU

cutting cone creates tunnel in bone

what is the second step of BMU

filling cone with osteoblasts follow the cutting cone filling the gap created by the cutting cone

what is the third step of BMU

a trench is made instead of a tunnel and osteoblasts fill the trench

how is the process of remodeling trabecular bone different than cortical bone

diaphysis, bending forces

what is the name for the central portion of a bone. what forces does it resist

metaphysis, wider area increases SA which decreases stress at articulations

what is the name of the flared area at the proximal and distal end of long bones, what is the purpose

compression, tension, shearing, tension, mixed

what are the forces that bone can resist

hyaline

what is the most common type of articular cartilage

elastic cartilage

what type of cartilage is found in the external ear, larynx and epiglottis

fibrocartilage

what type of cartilage is used to provide cushion and deepen the surface of joints

bones in a synovial joint

articular cartilage covers the surface of...

smooth movement over joint surfaces and distriubute forces

what is the function of articular cartilage

joint capsule, synovium, synovial fluid, articular cartilage

superficial to deep, what is the structure of a diarthroidal joint

chondrocytes

what is the name for cartilage cells?

tidemark

zones of articular cartilage: what is the name for the line between calcified and non-calcified cartilage

1: attaches cartilage to bone with vertically oriented fibers

2. randomly oriented fibers for cushion

3. fibers parallel to articular surface

what are the zones of articular cartilage after the tidemark (deep to superficial)

fluids

solids

articular cartilage has _____________ and ____________

synovial membrane

where is synovial fluid produced

movement, with low rates its thicker with high rates its thinner

what does the viscosity of synovial fluid depend on

fluid film lubrication

what is the name for the trapped synovial fluid between areas of a joint that are not perfectly congruent to each other

boundary lubrication

what is the name for the monolayer of lubricant (synovial fluid) between existing areas in a joint

its boosted

under compression, what happens to lubrication

brain and SC

what is included in the central NS

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves

what is included in the PNS

neuron

what is the basic component of the nervous system

myelinated

unmyelinatd

axons can be _____________ or ____________________

length of one limb

how long can an axon be

scwann cells

what is the name of the cell that produces myelin

Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

what are the three layers of CT that surrounds nerves

basement membrane

what is the name for the layer that surrounds a myelinated axon/schwann cell

endoneurium

what surrounds the basement membrane

longitudinal

what is the orientation of the collagen fibers in the endoneurium

fascicle

what is the name for a group of axons

perineurium

what covers fascicles

epineurium

what is the layer that surrounds and protects a group of fascicles

internal: separates fascicles

external: provides cushion

what are the layers of the epineurium, what are their function

meninges

the CT that surrounds nerves is continuous with the ________________

dura and arachnoid

what meningeal layers combine to form the epineurium

all three

what meningeal layers combine to form the perinurium

pia mater

what menginges form the endoneurium