HS-301 Exam 4

When was the first plant patent law established?

1930

What did the 1930 Plant Patent Law allow?

You can patent a plant like any other invention

What types of plants can receive a plant patent?

Asexually propagated plants only

How long did plant patents last until 1995?

17 years

How long have plant patents lasted since 1995?

20 years

What is the approximate cost of obtaining a plant patent on your own?

$2,000

What is the approximate cost of obtaining a plant patent with a lawyer?

$10,000

When was the Plant Variety Protection Act established?

1970

What did the Plant Variety Protection Act extend protection to?

Sexually propagated plants maintained as lines

What does a trademark protect in horticulture?

The name, not the plant

How often can trademarks be renewed?

Every 10 years indefinitely

What does remontancy mean?

The reblooming of a plant each year

What is an example of a remontant plant?

Encore Azaleas

What is the botanical name of Merlot redbud?

Cercis canadensis ‘Merlot’

What is the botanical name of Carolina Sweetheart redbud?

Cercis canadensis Carolina Sweetheart™

What is micropropagation?

The development of new plants in an artificial medium under aseptic conditions from very small portions of plants

What does aseptic mean?

A sterile condition that prevents fungi and microbes from growing within the medium

What is the basis of micropropagation?

Totipotentiality

What types of propagation does micropropagation involve?

Sexual and asexual propagation

What plant materials can be used for micropropagation?

Stems, shoot tips, root tips, callus, seeds, embryos, pollen, and single cells

Who was the first person to attempt single celled cultures?

Haberlandt

When and where did Haberlandt attempt single celled cultures?

1902, Germany

What did Murashige and Skoog discover in 1948?

Hormonal control of shoot and root regeneration

Where did Murashige and Skoog conduct their work in 1948?

Wisconsin

What did Murashige and Skoog establish?

The basis for manipulating organ initiation

What principles did Murashige and Skoog provide?

The principles on which all micropropagation depends

Who developed micropropagation through shoot tip culture?

Morel

When and where did Morel develop micropropagation through shoot tip culture?

1960, France

What did Morel discover about Cymbidium orchid shoot tips?

They proliferated into masses of protocorms

What could be done with the protocorms produced from Cymbidium orchid shoot tips?

They could be divided and recultured

Who was associated with the first commercial application of aseptic culture for propagation?

Knudsen

When did Knudsen's first commercial application of aseptic culture for propagation occur?

1925

What plants were involved in Knudsen's first commercial application of aseptic culture for propagation?

Orchids

What are the disadvantages of micropropagation?

Expensive facilities, greater skill requirements, and the possibility of rapidly multiplying identity errors or mutations

Why can identity errors or mutations be a disadvantage of micropropagation?

They can be quickly multiplied

What is an autoclave used for?

Sterilization of media, instruments, and other materials

What temperature is used in an autoclave for tissue culture sterilization?

120°C (250°F)

What pressure is used in an autoclave for tissue culture sterilization?

15 lbs pressure

How long are materials typically sterilized in an autoclave?

20 to 30 minutes

What is a precision balance used for?

Precisely measuring materials

What is a dissecting microscope used for?

Examining and working with small plant materials

What is a filtration system used for in tissue culture?

Microbe elimination

What is a water still used for?

Producing purified water

What is a pH meter used for?

Measuring the pH of culture media

What is a gas burner used for in tissue culture?

Sterilizing instruments and supporting aseptic work

What are dissecting instruments used for?

Cutting and handling plant materials

What are containers used for in tissue culture?

Holding plant cultures and media

What are labels and marking pens used for?

Identifying and tracking cultures

What are disinfectants used for?

Reducing or eliminating contaminants

What is the general laboratory area used for?

Initial preparation of plant materials, cleaning glassware, preparing media, and storage

What conditions should the general laboratory area maintain?

It must be dust free and draft free

What is a laminar flow hood used for?

Establishing explants, making transfers, and performing other aseptic procedures

What type of room should be set aside for a laminar flow hood?

A special room

How should a laminar flow hood work area be lighted?

It should be well lighted

What type of pressure should the room containing a laminar flow hood have?

Positive pressure

What material should laminar flow hood working surfaces be made of?

Stainless steel

What are growth chambers and culture rooms used for?

Incubating cultures under controlled conditions

What environmental conditions are controlled in growth chambers and culture rooms?

Light, temperature, and humidity

Why are special light regimes used in tissue culture rooms?

Photosynthesis is often reduced in tissue cultured plants, and excessive light can be harmful

What types of lights are commonly used in tissue culture rooms?

Cool white or Gro Lux lights

What are the two main utilities of micropropagation?

Rapid mass production of clones and pathogen control

What type of culture is primarily used for rapid mass production of clones?

Shoot tip culture

What is one major advantage of micropropagation for mass production?

High rates of multiplication

What types of plants benefit from micropropagation because they multiply slowly by division?

Species that multiply slowly by division

How is micropropagation useful for new commercial cultivars?

It allows rapid multiplication of new commercial cultivars

How is micropropagation useful for maintaining pathogen tested source materials?

It increases and maintains pathogen tested source materials

What is an example of a plant for which pathogen tested source materials are maintained through micropropagation?

Colocasia

What are examples of plants produced commercially through micropropagation?

Orchids, Boston ferns, lilies, raspberries, foliage plants, hybrid rhododendrons, and thousands more

What are the two main purposes of pathogen control through micropropagation?

Elimination of pathogens and maintenance of pathogen free clones

What are examples of plants maintained as pathogen free clones through micropropagation?

Sweet potatoes and strawberries

What does in vitro culture mean?

Growing plant material in a controlled environment outside the whole plant

What type of medium is generally used for micropropagation?

Semi solid agar medium

What percentage of agar is generally used in micropropagation media?

0.5 to 1%

What is agar made from?

A seaweed based product

What are the main categories of minerals in micropropagation media?

Macronutrients and micronutrients

What are the macronutrients used in micropropagation media?

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur

What are the micronutrients used in micropropagation media?

Zinc, molybdenum, manganese, copper, iron, and boron

What is the usual carbohydrate source in micropropagation media?

Sucrose

What concentration of sucrose is usually used in micropropagation media?

2 to 4%

Which tissues require a carbohydrate source in culture media?

All tissues except mature embryos

What is an example of a plant that requires a carbohydrate source when grown in tissue culture?

Orchids

What types of vitamins are mainly used in micropropagation media?

B vitamins

Which B vitamins are used in micropropagation media?

Thiamine, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine

What are the most critical components of micropropagation media?

Growth regulators, or hormones

Why do growth regulators make micropropagation possible for many different species?

Variations in growth regulator types and concentrations allow different species to be propagated

According to Skoog in 1948, what regulates root and shoot initiation?

The interaction of auxin and cytokinin

What does auxin promote in tissue culture?

Root initiation and callus formation

Under what light conditions does auxin promote callus formation?

Darkness or low light

Which auxin is photolabile?

IAA

Which auxins are stable?

IBA and NAA

Which auxin is used for callus initiation and is usually an herbicide?

2,4 D

What concentration range is generally used for auxins in tissue culture?

0.1 to 10 ppm

What does cytokinin promote in tissue culture?

Shoot induction

What is Kinetin?

A cytokinin that is widely used in commercial tissue culture

What concentration range of Kinetin is used in tissue culture?

0.01 to 10 ppm

Which cytokinin is also widely used in commercial tissue culture?

BA (benzyladenine)

What is 2iP (2 isopentyladenine)?

A cytokinin required by Ericaceous species

What is zeatin?

A natural cytokinin that is very expensive

What is TDZ?

Thidiazuron, a cytokinin used in tissue culture

What is mT?

Meta topolin, a cytokinin that is becoming more common and is normally used with cannabis