Crop Production Lab Midterm

Chloroplasts

The sites of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

The metabolic process by which sunlight energy is used to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide, and water and oxygen is released into the atmosphere.

Mitochondria

The sites of respiration; the process by which the energy stored in carbohydrates is transferred to ATP; releasing carbon dioxide in the process.

Vacuole

A cavity filled with watery fluid called the cell sap.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Is the communication system of the cell.

Golgi Bodies

Are groups of flat, disk-like sacs, which are involved in secretion, particularly of polysaccharides, which becomes part of the cell wall.

Plant tissue

The 3 basic tissue types in crop plants are dermal, ground, and vascular.

Primary Root

The embryo from a substantial, tapering main root system which smaller, lateral roots usually arise.

What is NOT a component of a Seed Purity test?

% Germination

The ______ is a source of food for the young seedling during emergence.

Cotyledon

What statement describes a monocotyledon plant?

Fibrous root system.

What best describes the function for a tandem disk?

Kills emerged weeds, levels the soil, and incorporates some crop reside as a seedbed preparation operation.

What implement is a good example of a tillage implement that is used for primary tillage operations?

Chisel Plow

The SDSU Seed Testing Lab can determine if a wheat seed sample is a winter or spring variety by using this test.

Electrophoresis

Which tillage implement is usually operated the most deeply in the soil?

Chisel Plow

One component of the Purity Test is inert matter. The % inert matter reported on the seed label could include?

Pieces of stems, chaff, and seed hulls

The most closely related species with alfalfa would be in the ______ family.

Fabaceae

Which seed quality factor would be the most serious fault is spring wheat seed samples?

10% prohibited noxious weed seed

Which plant classification group includes the smallest number of plants?

Species

What statement doest NOT describe a conservation (reduced) tillage crop production system?

Uses tillage implements that work the soil deeply.

Recently, plant scientists have become concerned about the possible movement of genes from genetically modified crops to their close relatives. What combination of plants are most closely related?

soybean and alfalfa

In monocotyledons such as corn, the main root system develops as ______ roots that arise from nodes at the base of the coleoptile.

crown or adventitious

What term describing the emergence mechanism for crop seed would be used to describe a plant that would be most susceptible to being killed by an early freeze?

Epigeal

Which crop is the best example of crop that leaves the most fragile residue after a tillage operation?

Soybean

Examples of an adventitious structure:

Rhizome developing on a root.

Root developing on a stolen.

Brace roots on a corn plant.

Simple vs. compound leaf description refers to leaf ____.

complexity

Which classification grouping best describe the biological scientific system of classifying plants?

stipules vs. lack of stipules

Adventitious Roots

Arise from nodes on the base of the stem below or just above the soil surface.

Stem

Is an axis, upright or horizontal.

Nodes

Stem that is comprised of points of attachments for leaves.

Internodes

The regions between successive nodes.

Tiller

The vertical flowering stems of glasses that originate from basal nodes.

Rhizomes

Horizontal underground stems, characteristics of sod-forming species such as smooth bromegrass and quackgrass.

Leaf

Is the primary photosynthetic organ of the plant.

Petiole

(leaf stalk) is often presented in dicotyledons.

Stipules

Are small leaflike appendages found at the base of the petiole in legumes and various other dicotyledonous crops.

Auricles

Earlike appendages that occur at the base of the leaf blade in some grasses.

Parallel Venation

Veins have a parallel orientation in monocotyledons

Netted Venation

In dicotyledons secondary veins radiate laterally from a usually conspicuous midrib and form a reticulate condition like a net.

Simple Leaves

Leaf blades may be comprised of a single morphological unit.

Compound Leaves

Leaves may have leaflets radiating from a common point (palmately compound) or the leaflets may be arranged along both sides of the rachis (pinnately compound)

Terminal Buds

Are at the apex of stems

Axillary Buds

Are located on the axils of leaves,

Adventitious Buds

Arise from places on the plant other than nodes or stem apices

Scientific Classification System

1. Kingdom

2. Phylum

3. Class

4. Order

5. Family

6. Genus

7. Species

Moldboard Plow

inverts the soil, cleans the soil

V-ripper

lots of power, runs really deep

Chisel Plow

for heavy clay soils, lifts and shatters the soil

Disk Offset

One gain offset, blade is bigger, runs flat lifts and shatters.

Disk Tandem

2 gains in tandem, blade is smaller, disk blade, mix and stirs

Testa

The legume seed consists of a seed coat

Cotyledons

Stored food (2 embryonic leaves)

Radical

young root

Hilum

A scar indication the point of attachment to the placenta

When environmental conditions suitable for germination

temperature, moisture, and oxygen levels

Epicotyl

Above

Hypocotyl

Below

Seminal Roots

seeding root

Coleoptile

Is a sheath that encloses and protects the plume, and the coleorhiza.

Coleorhiza

Is a sheath that protects the radical.

Radical

Primary root

Crow Root

adventitious root

Brace Root

Prop root

Terminal Bud

apical bud

1st internode

Mesocotyl (panicoid emergence)