Synaptic Plasticity and Regeneration

What are the TYPES of MEMORIES?

How do we LEARN?

Learning: the response of the brain to environmental events and involves adaptive changes in synaptic connectivity which will in turn alter behaviour.

How does MEMORY work?

What are the RULES of Synaptic Modification?

Coincidence Inputs stregthen together

What is LONG TERM POTENTIATION Mechanism?

The NMDA Receptor detects coincidence: Glutamate + Depolarization

How does Ca2+ entry adds and stregthens AMPA Receptors?

What is the role of CaMKII in Molecular Switch?

Why does Lasting LTP and Long-Term Memort need New Proteins?

What is LONG-TERM DEPRESSION (LTD)?

How does LTP and LTD reflect BIDIRECTIONAL REGULATION?

1. phosphorylation and
2. number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors

How does blocking hippocampal LTP blocks Spatial Learning?

How does Human Cortex show LTP and LTD?

Drug effects on Learning and Memory - ALCOHOL

Drug effects on Learning and Memory - BENZODIAZEPINES

Drug effects on Learning and Memory - CHOLINERGICS/ANTICHOLINERGICS

Drug effects on Learning and Memory - ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

What OTHER LEARNING PROCESSES use LTP or similar mechanisms?

1) Activity dependent synaptogenesis (development)

2) Motor learning - e.g. riding a bike – mainly cerebellar LTD

What is the CONNECTOME?

What is NEUROGENESIS?

What is a NEUROBLAST?

Inside-Out Development of the Cortex

Modification of Brain Circuits as a result of Experience

How does EXPERIENCES shape WIRING in CRITICAL PERIODS most strongly?

What are the effects of VISUAL DEPRIVATION on OCULAR DOMINANCE?

1) Competitive imbalance: The two eyes' inputs compete for layer 4 neurons; the active eye's synapses strengthen (Hebb) and the deprived eye's weaken.

2) First evidence of how experience during a critical period changes the way the brain is wired, and how individual neurons respond to stimuli

How do Adult Cortical Maps REORGANIZE with Use and Injury?

How does regenaration work in the Peripheral Nerves?

Why don’t the Central Axons largely regenarate?

How does Adult Neurogenesis work?

What are the COMPUTATIONAL THEORIES of Neurogenesis?

Summary

1) Cells that fire together wire together

2) Long Term Potentiation - molecular mechanism for memory?

3) Cells that fire out of sync, lose their link - LTD

4) Drugs that modulate memory

5) Connectome

6) Experience shapes wiring most in critical periods

7) Adult maps stay plastic

8) Peripheral nerves regenerate, central axons largely don’t

9) New hippocampal neurons may keep memories apart.

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