Anatomy Pre Exam 3

Fascia

sheet of superficial connective tissue that attaches, stabilizes, and separates muscles and other internal organs

Epimysium

most superficial layer of muscle, beneath fascia

Perimysium

2nd most superficial layer of muscle, subdivides muscle into compartments

Endomysium

underneath both epimysium and perimysium, divides muscle system into individual fibers

Sarcolemma

cell membrane of muscle fiber cells

Myocyte

a single muscle fiber, make protein and can have multiple nuclei, contain myofibrils

Sarcomeres

located within myofibrils and myocytes, contain actin & myosin for muscular contractions

Acetylcholine

help bind myosin and action together to contract muscles, sliding filament theory

Slow twitch

muscle fibers that contain large amount of mitochondria, contract more slowly, more efficient & fatigue resistant

Fast Twitch

muscle fibers with a high capacity for anaerobic power, small number of mitochondria

Proprioception

sense of one’s one body/limbs in space

Muscle Spindles

sense tension, prevent muscle overstretching by “stretch reflex”

Golgi Tendon

sense tension levels, prevent injury by causing muscular contraction to release and relax rather than tear

Aponeurosis

flat tough connective tissue made of collagen, where many muscles fuse together to form

Isometric

Contraction where length of muscle doesn’t change, static

Isotonic

contraction where joint length changes, movement occurs

Stabilizers

muscles that prevent movement / muscle length change, isometric contraction aid

Strain

muscles and/or tendon is damaged

Sprain

ligament is damaged

Strengthening

bringing body insertion point closer to origin

Dura Mater

outer layer of meninges, thickest and toughest

Arachnoid Mater

web-like, middle layer of meninges

-allows for brain’s nerves & blood vessels to pass through

-Cerebrospinal fluid is found here

Pia Mater

deepest layer of meninges, vascular and soft, allows blood vessels to nourish brain

Enteric

nervous system that regulates digestion autonomically

-commonly recognized as the second brain

Vagal Withdrawal

a decrease in vagal activation, happens during exercise and other stressors

Dermatomes

region of skin that is matched to a single spinal nerve

-all except C1 contain sensory axons

-Cranial nerve 5 manages all of face

Schwann Cells

glial cells in PNS that create myelin sheaths

Peripheral Neuropathy

damage to peripheral nerves, usually due to disease

-stabbing pain, burning, tingling sensation

Motor Unit

made of a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers that the neuron activates

Endothelial Cells

cells that line blood vessels and manage BBB barrier

Ependymal cells

glial cells that circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Multiple Sclerosis

autoimmune disease, immune system attacks protective layer on nerve fibers, leads to muscular spasticity and weakness

Fibromyalgia

chronic pain state, abnormal pain response from brain and spinal nerves

Low Vagal Tone

attention & mood disorder

Vasovagal Syncope

Vagus nerve overreacts, causes fainting

Epilepsy

abnormal electrical signals activity causes seizures. chemical imbalance

Cerebellum

Part of brain that holds over half of body’s neurons

-deals with emotions, decision-making, motor skills, and balance

-compact sheet tissue

Multipolar

type of neuron where the nucleus in on one side and dendrites form from soma and axon

Bipolar

type of neuron where the two axons bridge directly from soma

Unipolar

type of neuron where there is a break in between the two axons forming and the soma