Motor Learnin Terms not key but from slides

Embodied Motor Development

Definition: Motor development is shaped by the individual's body and abilities. Example: A child's strength affects their ability to climb.

Embedded Motor Development

Definition: Motor development occurs within physical and social environments. Example: A child learns to walk on the surfaces in their home.

Enculturated Motor Development

Definition: Motor development is influenced by cultural practices and experiences. Example: Cultural games provide different movement practice opportunities.

Enabling Motor Development

Definition: New skills create opportunities to perform additional actions and learn new skills. Example: Walking allows a child to explore independently.

Universality

Definition: Similarities in development shared by individuals of the same species. Example: Most children develop head control before walking.

Specificity

Definition: Individual differences in patterns of growth, maturation, and aging. Example: Two children of the same age may have different skeletal maturity.

Meta-analysis

Definition: A statistical method that combines results from multiple studies to estimate an overall effect. Example: Combining results from several studies of balance training.

Systematic Review

Definition: A structured review that identifies and evaluates research using predefined methods. Example: Reviewing studies about children's motor development.

Review Paper

Definition: A paper that summarizes and compares existing research on a topic. Example: Comparing studies about exercise and aging.

Big Data Analysis

Definition: Analyzing very large datasets to identify patterns or relationships. Example: Studying movement data from thousands of children.

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Definition: A study that randomly assigns participants to different interventions or comparison groups. Example: Randomly assigning people to two exercise programs.

Retrospective Study

Definition: A study that looks backward at existing records or past experiences. Example: Reviewing previous medical records to investigate growth.

Prospective Study

Definition: A study that follows participants forward in time. Example: Following children for five years to track motor development.

Cohort Study

Definition: An observational study examining a group of people who share a characteristic. Example: Following children born in the same year to study growth.

Case Study

Definition: An in-depth investigation of one person, group, or specific case. Example: Closely examining the motor development of one child with a rare condition.

Longitudinal Design

Definition: A research design that measures the same participants repeatedly over time. Example: Measuring the coordination of the same children annually for ten years.

Cross-Sectional Design

Definition: A research design that compares different age groups at one point in time. Example: Comparing coordination in children, adults, and older adults today.

Longitudinal vs. Cross-Sectional

Definition: Longitudinal research follows the same people over time; cross-sectional research compares different groups at one time. Example: Tracking one class for ten years versus comparing ten-, twenty-, and sixty-year-olds now.

Dynamical Systems Theory

Definition: Development and movement emerge from interactions among multiple systems and constraints. Example: Walking emerges through interactions among balance, strength, coordination, and the environment.

Gibson's Ecological Approach

Definition: Perception and action are linked, with movement generating new perceptual information. Example: A person adjusts their steps after feeling an uneven surface.

Momentum

Definition: The product of mass and velocity; momentum = mass × velocity. Example: A fast-moving heavy ball has more momentum than a slow-moving light ball.

Inertia

Definition: An object's resistance to changes in its motion, related to its mass. Example: A heavy cart requires more force to accelerate than an empty cart.

Increasing Rotational Velocity

Definition: Increasing how quickly a limb or object rotates to increase movement speed. Example: Swinging a racket faster to hit a tennis ball.

Increasing Relative Length

Definition: Extending a limb or increasing the effective radius of rotation to increase linear speed at the end of the limb. Example: Extending the arm during a throw.

Base of Support

Definition: The area beneath and between the points supporting the body. Example: Standing with feet apart increases the base of support.

Center of Gravity

Definition: The point at which the body's weight can be considered concentrated. Example: Bending the knees lowers the body's center of gravity.

Stability-Mobility Trade-Off

Definition: Increasing stability can make rapid movement more difficult, while prioritizing mobility may reduce stability. Example: A beginner stands with feet wide apart, while an experienced athlete uses a narrower stance to move quickly.

Carr's Five-Step Skill Analysis

Definition: Observe the skill; analyze its phases and key elements; apply mechanical principles; select errors to correct; choose correction methods. Example: A coach analyzes a tennis serve and corrects the most important technique error.

Placenta

Definition: An organ that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass between maternal and fetal blood and removes fetal waste. Example: Oxygen reaches the fetus through the placenta.

Congenital Defect

Definition: A structural or functional condition present at birth that may have genetic or environmental causes. Example: A congenital heart defect.

Teratogen

Definition: An exposure that can disrupt prenatal development, particularly during sensitive developmental periods. Example: Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can cause developmental harm.

Prenatal Sensitive Period

Definition: A period when a developing tissue or organ is especially vulnerable to harmful exposures. Example: Exposure during early organ formation can cause major abnormalities.

Genetic Cause of Abnormal Development

Definition: A change or variation in genetic material that affects development. Example: Trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome.

Down Syndrome

Definition: A genetic condition usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Example: It can affect growth, muscle tone, and cognitive development.

Cerebral Palsy

Definition: A group of disorders affecting movement and posture caused by injury or abnormal development of the developing brain. Example: A child may have difficulty coordinating walking.

Neural Migration

Definition: The movement of developing neurons to their appropriate locations in the nervous system. Example: Disrupted migration can affect normal brain development.

Synapse

Definition: A junction through which neurons communicate with other cells. Example: Synapses help transmit signals involved in learning movement skills.

Neural Pruning

Definition: The elimination of weaker or less-used neural connections during development. Example: Neural networks become more efficient as some connections are removed.

Myelination

Definition: The formation of insulating myelin around axons, allowing faster neural signal conduction. Example: Increased myelination improves the speed of communication in the nervous system.

Glial Cells

Definition: Cells that support, protect, and nourish neurons and help maintain the nervous system. Example: Glial cells support neurons as the brain develops.

Peak Height Velocity

Definition: The period of fastest growth in height during the adolescent growth spurt. Example: Average peak height velocity occurs earlier in girls than boys.

Sigmoid Height Growth

Definition: Height generally follows an S-shaped pattern of slow growth, rapid growth, and eventual slowing. Example: Height increases rapidly during puberty and then levels off.

Relative Growth

Definition: Different body parts, tissues, and organs grow at different rates. Example: An infant's head is proportionally larger than an adult's head.

Body Proportions

Definition: The relative sizes of different body parts. Example: Children generally have proportionally larger heads and shorter legs than adults.

Skeletal Age

Definition: An estimate of skeletal maturity based on bone development, often assessed using hand and wrist X-rays. Example: A child's X-ray resembles the typical skeletal development of an older age group.

Early Maturer

Definition: An individual whose biological or skeletal development is advanced relative to chronological age. Example: A child's skeletal age is older than their actual age.

Sarcomere

Definition: The basic contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Example: Adding sarcomeres contributes to muscle growth in length.

Type I Muscle Fibers

Definition: Slow-twitch fibers suited to sustained activity and fatigue resistance. Example: These fibers contribute to long-distance running.

Type II Muscle Fibers

Definition: Faster-contracting fibers suited to rapid or powerful movements, with characteristics varying by subtype. Example: These fibers contribute to sprinting and jumping.

Cardiac Muscle

Definition: Specialized muscle tissue that contracts to pump blood through the heart. Example: The heart muscle contracts with every heartbeat.

Adipose Tissue

Definition: Tissue that stores energy as fat and provides insulation and protection. Example: Body fat provides energy reserves and helps insulate the body.

Subcutaneous Fat

Definition: Fat stored beneath the skin. Example: Fat beneath the skin of the arms and legs.

Fat Distribution

Definition: The pattern of fat storage across different body regions, which changes with age, hormones, and other factors. Example: Fat distribution often changes during puberty.

Bone Remodeling

Definition: The ongoing process of old bone being resorbed and new bone being formed. Example: Bone tissue is continually renewed throughout adulthood.

Osteoporosis

Definition: A condition characterized by reduced bone strength and increased fracture risk. Example: Fragile bones may contribute to height loss and a stooped posture.

Sarcopenia

Definition: The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Example: An older adult has more difficulty rising from a chair.

Endocrine System

Definition: A system of glands and tissues that release hormones regulating growth, metabolism, and maturation. Example: Growth hormone influences childhood growth.

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Definition: The part of the pituitary that secretes growth hormone. Example: Growth hormone supports normal tissue growth.

Androgens

Definition: A group of sex hormones, including testosterone, that contribute to sexual maturation and muscle development. Example: Testosterone contributes to increased muscle mass during puberty.

Estrogen

Definition: A sex hormone involved in sexual maturation, fat distribution, and growth-plate closure. Example: Estrogen contributes to the adolescent growth spurt and eventual closure of growth plates.

Insulin

Definition: A hormone that regulates blood glucose and supports nutrient metabolism and growth. Example: Insulin helps cells take up glucose from the blood.

Endocrine-Neurological Feedback Loop

Definition: A regulatory interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems that helps control hormone levels. Example: Brain signals regulate hormone release from endocrine glands.

Neurogenesis

Definition: The formation of new neurons. Example: Some regions of the adult brain can produce new neurons.

Neural Network Detours

Definition: A proposed explanation for slower processing when communication pathways become less efficient. Example: Age-related changes in neural connections may contribute to slower responses.

Rate-Limiting Adipose Tissue

Definition: Excess adipose tissue can affect movement through both structural and functional constraints. Example: Carrying more body mass may increase the energy cost of running.

Rate-Limiting Skeletal System

Definition: Skeletal characteristics or development can restrict movement or skill acquisition. Example: An immature skeleton may limit readiness for certain high-impact activities.

Rate-Limiting Muscular System

Definition: Muscle strength, size, or endurance can restrict performance. Example: Low leg strength limits jumping height.

Rate-Limiting Nervous System

Definition: Nervous-system development or function can restrict coordination, reaction time, or motor learning. Example: Immature coordination makes catching a fast ball difficult.

Rate-Limiting Endocrine System

Definition: Hormonal imbalances can interfere with normal growth, maturation, or physical function. Example: Untreated thyroid hormone deficiency can impair growth.