Sociology 4545 Exam 1

what is the global population?

8.2 billion people

what are the most populous countries in the world?

India, China, United States, Brazil, Pakistan

how does world population growth influence migration patterns?

increases migration patterns as individuals seek better opportunities, resources, and living conditions, often moving from less populated to more densely populated areas

replacement level

the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically measured as a total fertility rate of about 2.1 children per woman.

what is the prime migration age group?

18-24 years old

migration

general term for the relocation of someone moving somewhere

immigration

entering and settling in a new country

emigration

leaving and settling in a new country

what are the primary reasons for migration?

economic

what are other reasons for migration?

jobs, political freedom, climate

push factors

displace people

pull factors

entice people

economic capital

money

social capital

who you know and who is in your network

cultural capital

what you know (customs, norms, values, beliefs)

human capital

knowledge, skills, and credentials that can be exchanged for economic capital

brain gain and brain drain

refers to when people migrate to exchange human capital for economic capital and the resulting effect on the relative countries

how do different forms of capital influence immigrant integration and mobility?

possession or lack thereof each form of capital can help you reach your goals or hinder you reaching your goals

ravenstein’s laws of migration

• most migrants move short distances

• when people move long distances, they often settle in large cities

context of reception

how a host society views incoming immigrants — positively? negatively? stigmatized? scapegoated?

how does the context of reception influence immigrant experiences

how they are received will impact their ability to integrate into the new society and their social mobility

1st wave of immigration

laissez-faire: national recognition in the country that immigration was beneficial because the country needed to be built

2nd wave of immigration

transition to qualitative restrictions: creation of a desirable type of immigrant

3rd wave of immigration

transition to quantitative restrictions: numerical quotas designed to stop immigration from certain countries

4th wave of immigration

following the passage of the 1965 Immigration & Nationality Act: focus on civil-rights-informed policies and prioritizes familial connections and relationships

refugee

have protection requested for them by a governmental or non-governmental organization focused on protecting specific groups

asylee

apply for protection on their own behalf when they are physically on the land of the country they are requesting from

neoclassical economics theory

the decision to migrate occurs through an individual’s rational decision-making and their desire to maximize income

macro neoclassical economics

international migration stems from international differentials in wages and opportunities

micro neoclassical economics

individuals who can have a higher return on human capital in receiving countries are more likely to migrate internationally than others

new economics of migration theory

the decision to migrate occurs through a household/familial decision-making process and desire to maximize income

segmented labor market theory

when nations industrialize, it creates a need for immigrant labor, especially in the secondary sector

world systems theory

the involvement of industrialized countries in less developed countries pushes immigrants out of poor countries

social capital theory

social networks allow for social capital, which encourages and supports migration

migration chains

each migration of a person creates social capital amongst their friends and kin that can be used to gain access to foreign markets, thereby raising the odds of future migration

cumulative causation theory

each move makes the next move more likely

countries that are considered a “nation of immigrants”

united states, canada, argentina, germany

human trafficking definition

exploitation through force, fraud, coercion, or comparable forms of control

human smuggling definition

illegal transportation across borders involving a voluntary agreement

Trafficking in Persons Report

the annual report provided by the United States provides a summary of human trafficking around the world, giving the U.S. government the power to define and categorize what is good or bad

TIP report ratings

1 = actively working on trafficking

2 = improvements could be made in the work being done

3 = sanctions for non-compliance

“Lennon’s Utopia” argument

if immigration is unregulated, the massive amount of migration would disrupt stability in social contexts and the labor force

Waters’ “Climate Migration”

climate refugees are not currently acknowledged as refugees, but as the climate becomes a growing concern, the definition needs to be expanded, and policies need to focus on slow migration and integration

Border Trilogy Takeaway

immigration policy is very political, cultural, social, and human because it is socially constructed

instrumental citizenship

citizenship is treated as a commodity rather than something sacred tied to national identity

citizenship-by-investment (cbi)

individuals fast-track obtaining a second passport and full citizenship by making a substantial financial contribution in a host country

residency-by-investment (rbi)

grants a legal residence permit to live in a foreign country in exchange for qualifying financial commitments