Lab Practical Slides

Supine position

body is laying up back flat

Prone position

body lying face down

frontal/coronal plane

divides body from front(anterior)+back(posterior)

Transverse/axial/horizontal plane

divides body into superior and inferior positions

Saggital

Left and right halves vertically

bending a joint so angle decreases on sagital/midsaggital plane

flexion

what increase angle and what plate is it from

increases the angle between two body parts//sagital/midsagittal plane

Abduction

Away from midline//. frontal/coronal plane

Adduction

towared midline// Frontal/Coronal plane

Pronation

located on the forearm palm faces the back

Supination

located on the forearm palm faces up

Inversion

tilts ankle inwards toward the body//toward midline

Eversion

Tilt ankle away from the body//outward

dorsiflexion

brings ankle and foot up

plantarflexion

brings the foot down

Elevation

mandible is upward/closing frontal/coronal plane

Depression

Mandible is downward/mouth opens frontal//coronal plane

Protraction

mandible forward//transverse process//shoulders forward slouch

Retraction

Mandible backward//transverse//shoulders back

Medial //internal rotation

spinning inward//transverse plane

lateral/external rotation

rotate outward

Axial skeloton

protect vital organ and CNS// vertebral column, thoracic cage, skull and head region

Appendicular Skelaton

Body can maintain a large range of morion//include upper lower limb, shoulder, pelvic girdle, arm, leg, scapula

Long bones

Humerus(upperarm), radius+ulna(lowerarm) , femur, fibula(skinnyleg), tibia(thickerbone), metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

Short

carpals(wrist), tarsals(ankle)

sesamoid bones

patella, protects from wear and tear

Uniaxial

Plane joint, hinge joint(knee), pivot joint between c1 and c2 vertebrae

Biaxial

condyloid joint(radiocarpal joint of wrist), saddle joint(thumb)

Pivot

Uniaxial rotation, C1-C2 vertebrae

Hinge

Uniaxial, flex and extend, elbow, knee, interphalangeal

Plane

Nonaxial gilding, intercarpal, intertarsal

condyloid

biaxial flex/extend, abduction/adduction ex radiocarpal(wrist) or metacarpophalangeal

saddle

Biaxial, deep articulation ex: carpometacarpal of thumb

Ball and socket

Multiaxial, ex:glenohumeral(shoulder), Hip

Cervical

7 spine, 1 atlas, 2 axial

Thoracic

12 spine

Lumbar

5 spine

Sacrum

5 lower spine fused

coccyx

4 fused very bottom spine

Cervical Vertebrae Model

Smallest body size, largest vertebral foramen, BIFID spinous process, transverse formamen

Thoracic Vertebrae Model

Costal facet, facet on articular process that is backward

Lumbar

Largest body size, orientation of superior articular process, and transverse process

Atlas

C1, holds the weight of the skull, has transverse foramen, occiptal condyle

Axis

C2, has dens

Occipital Condyle

Part of Atlas helps with flexion and extension and you can nod with c1 and c2

True ribs

1-7

False Ribs

8-12

Ribs 8-10 do what

Indirectly attached by Sharing costal cartilage

Floating Ribs

Ribs 11-12

Costal cartilage

attaches ribs to sternum//clear part

Sternal Angle

Rib 2 attaches there

Head articulates with

Vertebrae

Tubercle attaches with

transverse process of vertebra

Diaphragm contracts

Inspiration, flattens and moves inferiorly, increases thoracic volume, Inspiration

External intercostals

Ribs are elevated, inspiration

Serratus posterior superior

elevates upper ribs, inspiration

serratus anterior

can assist rib elevation when shoulder girdle is fixed/boxers muscle inspirations

Internal Intercostals

Expiration, Ribs are depressed

Serratus posterior inferior

lower ribs are depressed

Diaphragm relax

Expiration/domes superiorly,decreases thoracic volume

Cribriform plate

Olfctory Nerve CN1

Optic Canal

CN2 Optic nerve

Foramen Rotundum

CN V, Trigeminal nerve - V2 Maxillary Nerve

Foramen ovale

V3// Trigeminal Nerve CNV

Jugular Foramen

CN IX Glossopharyngeal, CNX vagus, CNXI Acessory

Hypoglossal Canal

CNXII hypoglossal/12

superior orbital fissure

Occulomotor nerve cniii 3, CNIV Trochlear nerver, CNV1 Ophthalmic nerv, Abducens nerve CNVI

Frontal lobe

Executive function, voluntary movement, planning decision making

Temporal

Hearing, language comprehension, memory, smell

Parietal

Integrates sensory information, role in spatial perception

Occipital

Visual Processing

Brainstem order

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

Midbrain

Regulates vision, hearing, motor control, alertness, thermoregulation

Pons

breathing rythms

Medulla Oblongata

Involutnary function of digestiber and repiratyory system, reflex like coughing sneeking and vomiting

Trigeminal Nerve

feeling in face and chewing CN V/5, V1=Opthalmic(upper eyelid,forehead,eyesurface)

V2=maxillary

V3=Mandibles

Internal acoustic meatus

CnvII Facial, CNVIII vestibulocochlear

Arbor Vitae

Tree of life from brain

pineal gland

of brain// tells body to sleep, melatonin

Foramen Magnum

CN XI acessory nerve, holds the spinal cord//big hole of brain

Thalamus

Learning and memory

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis

Cerebellum

balance, movement, motor

Corpus Callosum

Gray matter connector of two cerebral hemisphere, allows for communication for both sides

S C A L P

Skin, connective tissue, aponeurosisloose connective tissue, Periosteum

Dura mater

strongest, with subdural space with csf

Arachnoid mater

subrachnoid space

Pia mater

Cover brain surface

CN I

CN I/1 Olfactory Nerve, sensory and smell, cribiform plate

CN II

2/OPtic nerve/Sensory/Vision

CN III

3/Occulomotor, Superior Orbital fissure, motor, parasympathetic, eyeball move

CN IV

4 Trochlear nerve, Superior Orbital fissure, Motor, eyeball down

CN V

5 Trigeminal V1= opthalamic, V2=Maxillary v3=Mandibles both sensory and motor, facial sensation and chewing

CN VI

6, Abducens, Motor, Abduct eyeball

CN VII

Facial both 7, taste buds, facial expression

CN VIII

Vestibulochlear 8, sensory, internal acoustic meatus, hearing and balance

CN IX

9 Glossopharyngeal, both tase and swallow, jugular foramen,

CN X

Vagus, 10, Both, Jugular foramen, Parasympathetic Heart rate, digestion, taste

XI

11 Aceessory motor shoulder, foramen magnum