NBEO- Histology (Non Big 8)

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cholesterol?

A) Normal total cholesterol is < 200

B) Normal triglycerides is < 150

C) It is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

D) It is considered a type of lipid

C (Eukaryotes only)

The _________ is a region within the nucleus that contains dense chromatin and protein machinery necessary for the production of rRNA.

nucleolus

Where is rRNA produced?

Nucleolus

______________ are the only anuclear cells in the body.

Red blood cells

Which of the following cell types are NOT considered binuclear?

A) Hepatocytes

B) Cardiac muscle cells

C) Red blood cells

D) Epithelial cells of the urinary tract

C (anuclear)

What is the large ribosomal subunit of a Eukaryote?

60S

What is the small ribosomal subunit of a Eukaryote?

40S

What is the large ribosomal subunit of a Prokaryote?

50S

What is the small ribosomal subunit of a Prokaryote?

30S

Do Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes have 80S ribosomes?

Eukaryotes

Do Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes?

Prokaryotes

Which of the following acts on the 30S subunit of bacteria? (Choose 2)

A) FQs

B) Aminoglycosides

C) Macrolides

D) Tetracyclines

B and D

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth ER?

A) Steroid production in the adrenal cortex

B) Protein production

C) Detoxification of lipid soluble drugs in the liver

D) Controls the release of Ca2+ in muscle contraction

B) Protein production

The ______________ is a membrane bound organelle that works with the Rough ER to modify proteins that are exported out of the cell.

Golgi apparatus

_______________ is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of residual bodies and is known to present with a cherry red spot in the macula.

Tay-sachs disease

What are the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

Is Mitochondrial DNA inherited through maternal or paternal inheritance?

Maternal

Which of the following are conditions that are caused by Mitochondrial DNA mutations via maternal inheritance? (Choose 2)

A) Retinitis pigmentosa

B) Dominant optic atrophy

C) Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

D) Best's disease

B and C

Which of the following forms the core of microvilli?

A) Microfilaments

B) Microtubules

C) Intermediate filaments

A) Microfilaments

Which of the following forms the core of cilia and flagella and also forms the spindle apparatus that pulls chromosomes away during cell division?

A) Microfilaments

B) Microtubules

C) Intermediate filaments

B) Microtubules

Which type of cell junction does NOT connect cell to cell and therefore does not provide structural support?

A) Gap junctions

B) Zonula occludens

C) Zonula adherens

D) Macular adherens

E) Hemidesmosomes

E) Hemidesmosomes

SAD can be used to remember the unique functions of the three main types of simple epithelial cells. What does SAD stand for?

Secretion (cuboidal)

Absorption (columnar)

Diffusion (squamous)

Which of the following is NOT a primary location for the presence of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium?

A) Cornea

B) Conjunctiva

C) GI tract

D) Esophagus

E) Vagina

C) GI tract

Which region of the body can transitional epithelium be found?

A) Cornea

B) Skin

C) Bladder

D) Conjunctiva

C) Bladder

What is the secretion method of the main lacrimal gland?

A) Holocrine

B) Apocrine

C) Merocrine

C) Merocrine

What is the secretion method of the Meibomian glands and the Glands of Zeiss?

A) Holocrine

B) Apocrine

C) Merocrine

A) Holocrine

What is the secretion method of the goblet cells and glands of Moll?

A) Holocrine

B) Apocrine

C) Merocrine

B) Apocrine

Which of the following are considered Apocrine glands? (Choose 2)

A) Meibomian glands

B) Goblet cells

C) Glands of Zeis

D) Glands o Moll

B and D

Which of the following are considered Holocrine glands? (Choose 2)

A) Meibomian glands

B) Goblet cells

C) Glands of Zeis

D) Glands o Moll

A and C

Which of the following primarily targets salivary glands?

A) Meibomian gland dysfunction

B) Sjogren's syndrome

C) SLE

D) Myasthenia Gravis

B) Sjogren's syndrome

Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Pancreas

Which of the following primarily targets Endocrine glands? (Choose 2)

A) Internal Hordeolum

B) Thyroid Eye disease

C) Myasthenia Gravis

D) Diabetes mellitus

B and D

Which of the following ocular conditions is MOST associated with hyperparathyroidism?

A) PSC cataracts

B) Bitot's spots

C) Band keratopathy

D) Fuch's endothelial dystrophy

C) Band keratopathy

The inner medulla of the adrenal gland contains ____________ granules that produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Chromaffin granules

Which gland is located in the sella turcica of the body of the sphenoid bone?

A) Pineal gland

B) Pituitary gland

C) Thyroid gland

D) Parathyroid gland

B) Pituitary gland

Which of the following pituitary hormones is NOT produced by basophils (beta cells)?

A) ACTH

B) TSH

C) GH

D) FSH

E) LH

C (acidophils)

Which of the following is NOT caused by acidophil tumor?

A) Gigantism

B) Acromegaly

C) Cushing's disease

C (basophil)

Is Gigantism or Acromegaly more associated with children?

Gigantism

Is Gigantism or Acromegaly more associated with adults?

Acromegaly

Which of the following are caused by excess Growth Hormone? (Choose 2)

A) Ricketts

B) Cushing' disease

C) Acromegaly

D) Gigantism

E) Addison's disease

C and D

Which of the following is NOT true about the posterior pituitary gland?

A) It stores ADH and Oxytocin

B) It produces ADH and Oxytocin

C) The pars nervosa is the portion of the posterior pituitary that stores hormones

D) It is stimulated by the hypothalamus

B (It does NOT produce any hormones....only stores and releases)

Which of the following PRODUCES ADH and oxytocin?

A) Anterior pituitary

B) Posterior pituitary

C) Hypothalamus

D) Thalamus

C) Hypothalamus

What are macrophages found in the brain called?

Microglia

What are macrophages found in the liver called?

Kupffer cells

What are macrophages found in the blood called?

Monocytes

Which of the following does NOT occur during anaphylactic shock?

A) Itching

B) Redness

C) Wheezing

D) Hypertension

D (Hypotension)

Which of the following always comprises 1/3 of the collagen structure?

A) Tyrosine

B) Lysine

C) Glycine

D) Tryptophan

C) Glycine

______________ are comprised of a sulfated GAG bound to a protein.

Proteoglycans

_______________ is the most abundant protein found in plasma and maintains blood osmolarity.

Albumin

Which of the following is NOT considered a granulocyte?

A) Basophils

B) Macrophages

C) Eosinophils

D) Neutrophils

B) Macrophages

What is the most common type of WBC found within the body?

A) Neutrophils

B) Lymphocytes

C) Monocytes

D) Eosinophils

E) Basophils

A) Neutrophils

What is the least common type of WBC found within the body?

A) Neutrophils

B) Lymphocytes

C) Monocytes

D) Eosinophils

E) Basophils

E) Basophils

Platelets produce the enzyme ______________ which converts prothrombin to thrombin.

thromboplastin

Which of the following is NOT produced by a myeloblast?

A) Neutrophil

B) T cell

C) Basophil

D) Eosinophil

B (lymphoblast)

Where do T lymphocytes originate?

Bone marrow

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Thymus

Where do B lymphocytes originate?

Bone marrow

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

Bone marrow

Which WBC is used to destroy parasites?

A) B lymphocyte

B) Eosinophils

C) Basophils

D) Neutrophils

B) Eosinophils

What is a macrophage found in the lung called?

Alveolar cells

What is a macrophage found in the intestine called?

Mesentery cells

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the maintenance of the bone matrix?

A) Osteocytes

B) Osteoblasts

C) Osteoclasts

A) Osteocytes

Which of the following is primarily responsible for producing the bone matrix?

A) Osteocytes

B) Osteoblasts

C) Osteoclasts

B) Osteoblasts

Which of the following is primarily responsible for breaking down and remodeling the bone matrix?

A) Osteocytes

B) Osteoblasts

C) Osteoclasts

C) Osteoclasts

Does Calcitonin or Parathyroid hormone increase osteoclast activity?

Parathyroid hormone

Does Calcitonin or Parathyroid hormone inhibit osteoclast activity?

Calcitonin

Does calcitonin increase or decrease blood calcium?

Decrease

Does Parathyroid hormone increase or decrease blood calcium?

Increase

What is the main tissue of origin of skeletal muscle?

A) Neural ectoderm

B) Surface ectoderm

C) Mesoderm

D) Neural crest cells

C) Mesoderm

What is the tissue of origin of the iris spincter and dilator muscles?

Neuroectoderm

Will Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) lead to Orthograde or Retrograde degeneration of the optic nerve?

Orthograde

What produces the myelin sheath in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

What produces the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Schwann cells

Which layer of the skin is found in thick skin but NOT thin skin?

A) Stratum corneum

B) Stratum lucidum

C) Stratum granulosum

D) Stratum spinosum

E) Stratum basal

B) Stratum lucidum

Squamous cell carcinomas occur in which layer of the epidermis?

Stratum spinosum

Basal cell carcinomas occur in which layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basal

What is the only mitotic layer in the epidermis?

Stratum basal

A primary malignant melanoma will most likely metastasize to which organ?

Liver

What are the 5 major layers of the epidermis in thick skin?

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basal

What is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?

Pulmonary artery

Is the tunica media or tunica adventitia the most prominent layer in arteries?

Tunica media

Is the tunica media or tunica adventitia the most prominent layer in veins?

Tunica adventitia

What is a tumor of the adrenal medulla?

Pheochromocytoma

Does Epinephrine or Norepinephrine act on beta 2 receptors?

Epinephrine

Which of the following contains histamine? (Choose 2)

A) Neutrophils

B) Eosinophils

C) Basophils

D) Macrophages

B and C

What is Hyaluronic acid?

A) GAG

B) Proteoglycan

C) Both A and B

D) None of the above

A) GAG

Do Oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells contain neurilemma?

Schwann cells

Which layer of the epidermis contains zonula occludens?

A) Stratum corneum

B) Stratum granulosum

C) Stratum spinosum

D) Stratum basal

A) Stratum corneum

Is the red pulp or white pulp of the spleen more associated with RBCs?

Red pulp

Is the red pulp or white pulp of the spleen more associated with WBCs?

White pulp

Which type of pneumocytes are specialized for gas exchange and do not regenerate?

A) Type 1

B) Type 2

A) Type 1

Which type of pneumocytes are specialized for producing surfactant and are able to regenerate?

A) Type 1

B) Type 2

B) Type 2

Does the sympathetic system cause bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction?

Bronchodilation

Does the parasympathetic system cause bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction?

Bronchoconstriction

______________ are specialized cells in the alveoli that permit gas exchange and secrete surfactant.

Pneumocytes

Which cells found in the stomach secretes HCl and intrinsic factor?

Parietal cells

Which type of anemia is associated with low levels of intrinsic factor?

A) Sickle cell anemia

B) Iron deficiency anemia

C) Pernicious anemia

D) Aplastic anemia

C) Pernicious anemia

Parietal cells secretes intrinsic factor which helps promote the absorption of which vitamin?

Vitamin B12

What are the 3 major regions of the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Does the small intestine or large intestine contain microvilli?

Small intestine