Nutrition - Proteins lecture 1 (for exam #1)

Amino Acid

monomers that build proteins

what bond holds amino acids together?

peptide bonds

How many amino acids are there?

23

How many amino acids are used by the body to make different proteins?

20

Amino Acid structure

Carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

Amio Acid role in metabolism

AAs can be used for energy if the NH2 group is stripped off, the leftover carbon can be donated to the TCA cycle to make anergy, or be converted to glucose in the liver

Non-essential Amino Acids

AAs that our body produces

Essential Amino Acids

AAs that must be obtained via diet

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

AAs that our body makes, but more are wanted during times of stress or illness

Deamination

removal of NH2

what happens when ATP is produced from the Carbon skeleton?

nitrogenous waste is eliminated as urea through the urine

Dehydration Synthesis

reaction where water is removed when AAs form proteins by peptide bonds

Primary protein structure

linear sequence of amino acids

secondary protein structure

the chain coils to form beta sheets and alpha helices

tertiary protein structure

final 3D shape

Quaternary Structure

2 or more polypeptide chains coming together

Protein Denaturation

irreversible process of a protein losing its structure and function

what can cause protein denaturation?

exposure to acidity, alkalinity, heat, alcohol, oxidation

Protein Functions

hormonal, enzymatic, immune support, transportation, structure, maintaining fluid balance, buffers

Hormonal function of protein

most hormones in the body are peptide hormones

immune support function of protein

antibody proteins protect us from pathogens

transportation function of protein

proteins in cell membranes move oxygen, vitamins, and ions across the membrane

Maintaining fluid balance function of protein

albumin proteins in our blood help maintain blood volume

Buffers function of protein

some buffers are proteins that help regulate blood pH