Construction I Midterm

adobe

sun-dried earth bricks, non kiln-fired, requires protection from rain, moisture, and erosion

adobe bricks

made on situ or near, 10”x14”x4”, 35-40 lbs

adobe mixture

sand, silt, clay, and water, sometimes straw (reinforcement), clay acts as a binder, clean water and low salt

adobe forms

wooden or metal formwork, flat surface and then removed to dry in place

adobe plaster

limit moisture shrinkage and swelling, traditionally mud plaster, modernly portland cement stucco (3/4”)

adobe plaster section

adobe coating

gypsum-base whitewash, lime plaster, portland cement stucco → renewed regularly

great mosque of djonne

scaffolding built in for maintenance of adobe

stabilized adobe

portland cement or other admixtures, bricks remain exposed

marfa house

exposed stabilized adobe

adobe lintels

usually wood, supports low adobe tension

adobe lintel section

adobe environmental impact

rammed earth

gravel, sand, silt, and clay, temporary formwork

slip forming section

compaction

rammed earth load-bearing

rammed earth bond beams

distribute roof loads

rammed earth environmental impact

specific mixture, similar to adobe

brick

fired in kilns, pug milled → unit of clay

masonry

bricks, stones, cmus are units, modularity, strongest in compression and bonded with mortar

brick types

common brick or face brick (FB)

face brick tolerance

brick grades

brick sizes

nomial includes brick and mortar joint → 4×8×2/3”

bonding

masonry wall section

brick orientation

brick bonds

unreinforced masonry

grouted or contiguous (truss ties)

masonry cavity wall

masonry insulated cavity wall

masonry reinforced

steel bars embedded in grout filled cavity

cmu (concrete masonry unit)

nominal 8×8×16, hollow and reinforced

horizontal connections

frame and infill

concrete frame, brick/masonry infill

masonry lintels

masonry arches and centering

spanned radially or with temporary formwork

stone

quarried or collected fieldstone, noncombustible

igneous rock

intrusive (below surface) - granite, extrusive - basalt

sedimentary rock

limestone

metamorphic rock

recrystallization, marble

quarried stone

split or sawn to shape, dressed → face exposed, beds support stone, back concealed

engineered stone

composite of stone and polymer resin/cement

dry-stacked stone

carefully placed, no mortar or bonding

wet-laid stone

mortar to bind stones, often dressed stone

stone load-bearing wall

dressed stone faces and concealed rubble-and-mortar core

stone non-load bearing wall

stone infill

gabion walls

wire-mesh cage and stone infill, facade screens

stone cladding

adhered to surface with mortar or mechanical anchors

rainscreen system

ventilated cavity

self-bearing facade

vertically self-supporting

stone post and lintel

structural perimeter exoskeleton

stone arches and columns

stacked drums, aligned dowels - arches post-tensioned with steel

stone environmental performance

high thermal mass, very thick walls to provide insulation

stone environmental imapct

nonrenewable, reusable, can be downcycled

concrete

cementitious material (7-15%), water (14-21%), fine and coarse aggregate (60-75%), and air (up to 8%)

concrete aggregate

sand (fine), gravel, or crushed stone (coarse)

limestone

used to produce cement or clinker, provides calcium, quarried

cement production

reacts with water through hydration, energy and carbon intensive

water to cement ratio

less water, denser, stronger, less permeable - 0.5 ratio

concrete admixtures

slow or quicken curing or permeability such as acceletors, retardants, pigments

concrete reinforcement

steel bars, wires, or strands, requires protection from corrosion and rust

rebar

#number corresponds to diamter, no.5 → 5/8”, wire mesh, rebar ties

concrete forming

in situ or offsite, prefabricated/precast, formwork

concrete foundations

shallow, as pictured, deep, piles and shafts below shallow

concrete beam section

concrete beam rebar

concrete two way flat plate

concrete two way waffle slab

concrete shoring

concrete columns

concrete walls

wall forms

form ties

tie holes

concrete surfacing

exposed aggregate, formwork impressions, formliners, smooth finishes OR sprayed shotcrete

straw bale

fire resistant, byproduct of grain

straw non load bearing

structural frame, serves as insulation

straw load bearing “nebraska style”

compacted

exposed straw

vulnerable to deterioration or insects, often plastered

bamboo

grasses, culms, harvested every 3-5 years

bamboo section

bamboo treatment

preservatives, steaming, smoked

bamboo properties

high longitudinal tensile strength relative to weight, great seismic performance

bamboo geometries

bundled, arched geometries → bamboo sports hall

bamboo post and beam

steel strucure, outlined with bamboo, cement grout fills bamboo culms

bamboo environmental impact

deforestation

forest harvested and land put to other uses, also forest degradation → forest certification

anisotropic

different properties according to parallel or perpendicular nature to grain

wood properties

decay, combustible, mechanical agents and chemical acids

softwoods

pine, fir, hemlock, spruce, and cedar, general construction

hardwoods

oak, maple, cherry, walnut, poplar, flooring and furniture

wood cutting

wood drying

hygroscopic → seasoned, maintained at fiber-saturation point

log construction

stacked and attached with notches

cordwood and roundwood

poles or stacked, round edge face

heavy timber

solid-sawn or engineered, 5 inches or greater

final wooden house sou fujimuto

dimensional lumber

2×4 or 1.5×3.5

wood grading