General Studies and Indian History Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering general science plant morphology, Indian states and capitals, and the timeline of the Indian National Movement from 1905 to 1932.

Gunpowder

An explosive mixture composed of Sulfur, Niter, and Charcoal (remembered by the trick SSC).

Tuber

The edible plant modification exemplified by the potato.

Bulb

The plant structure category represented by the onion.

Rhizome

The underground stem modification type found in turmeric and ginger.

Fusiform Root

The root morphology type observed in Saljam (turnip) and Chakundar (beetroot).

Conical Root

The root shape classification characteristic of carrots and sweet potatoes.

Napiform Root

The specialized root structure type listed for radish (Nepiform).

Endosperm

The edible nutritive tissue found in crops such as wheat and coconut.

Aril

The specialized edible outgrowth of the seed that constitutes the consumed part of the litchi fruit.

Juicy Hair

The anatomical edible portion identified for the orange fruit.

Nalsarovar and Gir

Notable wildlife sanctuaries (Abhyaranya) located in the state of Gujarat.

Partition of Bengal (1905)

The division of Bengal executed in $1905$, which sparked the Bang-Bhang movement, the Swadeshi movement, and prompted Rabindranath Tagore to pen what became the Bangladesh national anthem.

Muslim League

A political organization established in $1906$ at Dhaka, founded by Aga Khan and Salimullah.

Morley-Minto Reforms

Legislative reforms (Sudhaar Adhiniyam) introduced in the year $1909$.

Annulment of Bengal Division

The formal cancellation (Raddh) of Bengal's partition in $1911$, the same year India's capital was shifted from Kolkata to Delhi and Bengal was separated from Bihar.

Lucknow Pact

An agreement concluded in $1916$ between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.

Home Rule League

A political movement established in $1916$ spearheaded by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Champaran Revolt

Mahatma Gandhi's first civil movement in India, initiated in $1917$ against compulsory indigo (Nil) cultivation; also referred to as the Tinkathiya Vidroh.

Tinkathiya System

A mandatory farming arrangement compelling farmers to cultivate indigo on $\frac{3}{20}$ part of their agricultural land.

Batakh Miyan

The individual credited with protecting the life of Mahatma Gandhi during the Champaran agitation.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

A tragic mass killing by British forces occurring in Amritsar in $1919$, leading Rabindranath Tagore to renounce his Knighthood title.

Chauri Chaura Incident

The $1922$ event in Chauri Chaura that caused Mahatma Gandhi to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement, which had commenced in $1920$ at Kolkata.

Swaraj Party

A political party formed in $1923\text{--}1924$ by Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das.

Kakori Incident

A revolutionary train robbery carried out in $1925$, whose primary accused was Ram Prasad Bismil.

Simon Commission

A constitutional commission established in $1927$ that subsequently arrived and began operations in India in $1928$.

Dandi March

A $24$-day march launched on $12\text{ March } 1930$ from Sabarmati Ashram led by Mahatma Gandhi to defy the British Salt Law (Namak Kanoon).

Round Table Conferences

A series of three British-organized conferences convened in $1930$, $1931$, and $1932$; Dr. B.R. Ambedkar participated in all three, while Mahatma Gandhi attended only the second in $1931$.

Harijan Sangh

An organization founded by Mahatma Gandhi in $1932$ focused on welfare and advocacy.

Poona Pact

An agreement reached in $1932$ between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar regarding electoral representation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST).