Unit 2 Chemistry Test Review

Science Literary

the need for making educated decisions/choices; logical judgement

ex) current events, products & services

Science

All of the human efforts put forth to achieve a systematic understanding of the physical universe through disciplined inquiry

Biological Sciences

deals with living things

Physical Sciences

deals with nonliving things (rocks, energy, etc.)

How do scientist try to understand how matter behaves?

By studying how atoms and molecules behave

Chemical

a substance produced by or used in a chemical process. Everything around you is composed of chemicals

Organic Chemistry

study of most carbon-containing compounds

Inorganic

study of all substances contains elements other than carbon (anything not classified as organic)

Physical Chemistry

study of properties, transformations, and relationship between energy and matter

Biochemistry

study of all substances and processes that occur in living things; most things related to the body

Analytical Chemistry

the identification of substances and the qualitative and quantitative determination of the composition of materials

Theoretical Chemistry

the use of mathematical and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds

Other types of specialized chemistry

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nutrition Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry

Basic Research

carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge; doing something about basic science

Applied Research

carried out to solve a problem; doing something about basic science

Technology Development

carried out to make products that will improve the quality of our lives

What is the goal of scientific investigation?

to explain & predict natural phenomena; trying to figure out the world around us

The Scientific Method

a logical approach to the solution of problems that lend themselves to investigations by observing and collecting data, formulating hypothesis and testing, and formulating theories that are supported by data

Observing

using your senses to get information

Data

all the information gathered; qualitative (descriptive)/quantitative (numerical)

Experiment

carrying out as procedure under controlled conditions to make the observations and collect data

System

a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for studying during an experiment or observation

forming a “hypothesis”

• a testable statement where more than one may be stated

• an educated guess

• based on information gathered thus far

• serves as a basis for making predictions

Testing a hypothesis

• prove if correct or incorrect by well planned experiments

• done in lab, field, or simple observation

• always carried out under controlled conditions

Model

can be physical object or is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related

Theory

a broad generalization that explains a body of known facts or phenomena; most consistent explanations to a variety of observations

Law

a generalization known over the world that describes a wide variety of behaviors

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space (has volume)

Mass

a measure of the quantity of something; the measure of the amount of matter

Inertia

the resistance to change in motion; anything that has mass

Law of Conversation of Mass

matter cannot be created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical changes

Kinetic Energy

the energy of an object in motion

Potential Energy

the energy that an object has because of its position or composition (stored energy)

Law of Conservation of Energy

energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical changes

Plasma

a high temperature physical state where atoms lose their electrons

Extensive Property

depend on the amount of matter present

Intensive Property

does not depend on the amount of matter

Physical Property

can be observed or measured without altering the identity of the material; can be qualitative or quantitative

Physical Change

any change in a property of matter that does not result in a change in identity

Chemical Property

refer to the ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its identity

Chemical Change

any change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances with different properties

Reactant

substances that undergo a chemical change

Product

the new substance produced by a chemical reaction

Exothermic Rxn

a process releasing heat

Endothermic Rxn

a process absorbing heat

Heterogeneous mixture

the composition are not uniform, it differs from point in the mixture ex) veggie soup

Homogeneous mixture

the composition are uniform throughout

Pure Substance

a homogeneous sample of matter that has a fixed composition and properties, whatever the source

Element

a pure substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical changes and is only made up of one kind of atom

Compound

a pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more simpler substances by a chemical change

Law of Definite Composition

a chemical compound contains the same element in exactly the same proportion by mass regardless the size of the sample or source of the compound

Groups

vertically; 1-18

Periods

1-7

Metals

shiny, ductile, high tensile strength, good reflector of light, etc

Non-metals

poor conductors of heat+electricity, all states

Noble Gases

inert, unreactive

Metalloids

characteristics of both, semiconductors