ati chemistry & life and physical science

transport proteins

cells that use transporters or pump

active transport

low to high

requires energy to typically ATP

facilitated diffusion

high to low

cross via protein channel

passive transport

does not require energy

diffusion

net movement of a substance down, high to low

what passes easier

small, non-polar substances cross easier then larger, more polar substances

hypertonic

high solute concentration

lower water concentration

hypotonic

low solute

high water concentration

isotonic

contains equal amounts

no osmotic flow

osmosis

movement of water across semi-permeable membrane

passive transport

water can cross directly or through aquaporins

direction of water

high concentration to low concentration

low solute to high solute

dilution

adding more solvent to a solution

volume increases, concentration decreases

dilution formula

M1V1 = M2V2

molarity

moles of solute per liter of solution

unit: mol/L or M

molarity formula

M = (moles of solute/liters of solution)

concentration

tells you how much solute is present in a given amount of solution

hydrophilic

usually polar or ionic

interacts well with water

hydrophobic

usually non-polar

does not dissolve well in water

solution

a homogenous mixture

contains more solutes completely dissolved in a solvent

homogenous

uniform, can’t see components with naked eye

ex. sugar + water = syrup

sugar - solute

water - solvent

syrup - solution

adhesion

water sticking to other substances

attraction between water molecule and different substances

cohesion

water sticking to water

caused by hydrogen bonding between water molecules

creates strong surface tension at the surfaces of water

water

polar

has polar-covalent bond because oxygen and hydrogen share unequally

hydrogen bonding gives water its important properties

static equilibrium

no exchange between reactants and products

kinda at “rest”

dynamic equilibrium

continuously moving

rates are equal

endothermic

heat enters reaction from surroundings

energy is absorbed

exothermic

heat released to surroundings

law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred

factors that affect rate of chemical reaction

temperature

concentration

pressure

surface area

catalysts

factors that affect rate of chemical reaction: temperature

increased temp = increased kinetic energy = more frequent and energetic collisions

factors that affect rate of chemical reaction: pressure

mainly applies to gas

increased pressure = decreased volume = increased density of particles = increased collisions = increased reaction rate

factors that affect rate of chemical reaction: surface area

increased surface area = increased contact between reactants = increased collisions = increased faster reaction

factors that affect rate of chemical reaction: catalysts

speeds up a chemical reaction

provides an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy

so reactions happen faster

factors that affect rate of chemical reaction: concentration

mainly applies to solutions

increased concentration = increased collisions = increased reaction rate

collision theory

for a chemical reaction to occur, particles must collide with enough energy to reach activation energy and the correct conditions

combination/synthesis

2 or more reactants combine to form one product

A + B = AB

diatomic molecules

elements that naturally exist as pairs

ex.

H2 Cl2 N2 O2 F2 Br2 I2

double displacement

2 compounds exchange ions or elements to form new compounds

swapping

AB + CD = AD + CB

decomposition

1 reactant breaks apart into 2 or more products

AB = A+ B

single displacement

1 element replaces another element in compound

A + BC = AC + B

combustion

burning reaction involving oxygen

hydrocarbon + O2 = CO2 + H2O

melting

solid to liquid

absorbs heat

freezing

liquid to solid

loses heat

condensation

gas to liquid

loses heat

evaporation

liquid to gas

only occurs at surface of liquid

sublimation

solid to gas

deposition

gas to liquid

pressure affect on matter

high pressure + low pressure can turn gas to liquid

water

freezes below 0C (32F)

boiling point 100C (212F)

covalent bond

forms when share electrons

elements that comply form covalent bonds:

C O H N

ionic bond

forms when one atom transfers electros to another

one atom loses, other atom gains

form positive and negative ions

atoms bond to

satisfy octet rule

atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to become stable

usually 8 electrons in valence shell

ion

atom or group of atoms that carries a charge

atom becomes ion when gain or loses electrons

cation

positive ion

anion

negative ion

isotope

same amount of protons but different neutron amounts

same element

average number of neutrons =

amu - atomic number (protons)

prokaryotes

no nucleus

no membrane bound organelle

protein production

nucleus - instructions

Golgi apparatus - modifies and packages

ribosome - protein assembly

mitosis

produces somatic cells

start off as diploid cell 2N

crucial for growth and repair

somatic cells

body cells

mitosis results in

2 identical daughter cells

mitosis - prophase

chromosomes become visible as they condense and thicken

mitosis - metaphase

nuclear envelop gone

chromosomes align in center

mitosis - anaphase

chromatids are separated by spindle fibers

mitosis - telophase

new nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes

mitosis - cytokinesis

splits cytoplasm of cell

2 identical diploid cells

meiosis

starting cell diploid 2N

produces gametes

meiosis results in

4 daughter cells each w half the number of chromsomes

meiosis - prophase I

chromosomes condensation

homologous chromosomes pair up

crossing over occurs to cream recombinant chromosomes

meiosis - metaphase I / metaphase II

chromosomes align in middle as homologous pairs

meiosis - anaphase I / anaphase II

chromosomes separated and drawn to opp ends by spindle fibers

meiosis - telophase I

new nuclear envelopes form around chromsomes

meiosis - cytokinesis

splits cytoplasm of cell

meiosis - prophase II

chromsome condensation

meiosis - telophase II

chromosomes reach opposite ends, forming new nuclear envelopes

meiosis - cytokinesis II

split the cytoplasm of cell

results in 4 non identical cells (gametes) haploid

DNA

double helix shape

made up of phosphate, deoxyribose (sugar), nitrogenous base

nucleotide bases held together by hydrogen bonds

genes

unit of here heredity transferred from parent offspring

segmane of DNA strand

structural genes ex

eye/hair color

enzymatic actityv

defense mechanism

regulatory genes

non-coding region

gene regulation occurs

gene regulation

used to control timing, location and amount of gene expressed

chromsomes

made up of DNA

carries genetic info in form of genes

humans have 46 (half and half from ma and pa)

RNA

acts as messenger from DNA for controlling synthesis of proteins

single stranded

has ribose sugar base

a to u

c to g

mRNA

carries genetic info to make proteins

rRNA

serve as a location for protein synthesis

tRNA

adaptor molecular

decodes a mRNA into a protein

transcription

process of making an RNA copy a genes’ DNA sequence

convert DNA into a messenger strand

RNA polymerase initiates transcription of a gene into mRNA

happens in nucleus

• mRNA leaves nucleus enters cytoplasm where they associate with ribosomes it becomes rRNA

translation

tRNA responsible for bringing amino acids

matching for codons occurs

outcome is amino acid chain

mRNA serves as

template for protein synthesis

allele

variant of a gene

phenotype

observable traits

genotype

genetic make up

incomplete dominance

both genes partially expressed

codominance

both traits show up equally and independently

carbohydrates

CHO

end in -ose’

necessary for cell walls, cellular respiration (generates ATP)

monosaccharide

monomer of carbs

disaccharide

two monomers of carbs