Bio I Vocabulary Word Reinforcement

Virulent

Bacteria that makes their host carrier sick, possibly killing them. (Bacteria type virus)

Griffiths Experiment

There is a transforming principle in a virulent cell that can change the nature of a non-virulent bacteria.

Transforming principle

Determined by Griffith,

A molecule found in virus bacteria that, when broken apart and incorporated to other bacteria species, causes the secondary bacteria to become virulent.

Filtrates (lysate)

a fluid containing the internal contents of a cell released through lysis

Bacteriophages

Virus that infects bacteria, they look like Vector’s technology stuff from Des. Me

Radioisotopes to label

Different atomic weight used to mark certain molecules different from another to tell which origin point is used up to create which product.

ej. Marking the oxygen from H2O and CO2 to see which one is used and produced as O2 gas in photosynthesis.

Deoxyribose

Sugar circle that serves as the base for DNA group attachments (molecular)

Purines

Nitrogenous Bases with the structure of Two conjugated rings (bicyclo)

Pyrimidines

Nitrogenous bases with teh structure of one 6-membered ring.

Anti-parallel

DNA helix is arranged in the opposite directions with the exact opposite nitrogenous base order.

Grooves

Spaces between the backbones of the two strands of DNA. Caused by the hydrogen-bonding acceptors and donors that repel and attract eachother.

Major groove

Gap between two double helix DNA strands is wider

Minor groove

Gap between two strands is narrower for the two double helix DNA strands

Ori (Origin)

Sequence in DNA that marks where replication exists (replication done by DNA plymerase, starting point marked by RNA primase)

Pre-replication protein complex

Replication bubble

As DNA goes through the DNA process

What type of replication does Human DNA use? Explain (verbally) why the other options are bad.

Human DNA uses semi-conservative replication because each daughter cell’s DNA contains one of the original strands.

Initiation: DNA

Denature, Create Replication bubble, create two lands, Leading and Lagging strand.

Leading Strand

The DNA replication strand that replicates in one continuous roll.

Lagging Strand

The DNA replication strand that replicates in chunks, starting at primer sites and creating Ozaki Fragments of DNA.

Gregor Mendel

19th century-ish Augustinian Monk (Very little known scientific information on what Mendel was studying)

Born in Czechia, went to University of Viena at Austria

Mendel failed tests x2(anxiety) and lack of recognition in life.

TA to Doppler and ideas shared with Franz Unger (his botany professor)

Law of Segregation

“Alleles Exist” A diploid containts two alleles that code for a trait, with dominance and recessive traits that determine the phenotype.

Law of Independent Assortment

The alleles will separate and mix at equal rates, creating a 1:1:1:1 phenotype.

The traits in Medelian Genetics are independent form eachother, beacuse they are far enough apart that crossover happens all the time.

Things needed for Mendelian Genetics Experiment

Careful Crosses

Either/or traits (no codominance or other)

True-breeding plants (that give the same result when they reproduce with themselves) [homozygous]

Large Numbers/Statistics (40,000 flowers)

Three generations to observe generational inheritance

Testcross

You take a known recessive homozygous with a parent with dominant phenotype to determine the genetics of the unknown (hetero vs homozygous) based on the results.

Shane Campbell-Staton

Viewing lizard alleles that change their temperature resistance.

Homozygous vs Heterozygous and draw a cross between them.

Locus

A gene, used in regards to it’s specific location on the chromosome.

Dihybrid

Has two different genes that are being observed on one test cross.