updated lecture 10 mem.

the learning goal questions at the top!!

What are enzymes?

Biological Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Substrate

The reactant that binds to the enzyme

Active Site

The pocket on enzyme where catalysis takes place.

Enzyme Substrate Complex

intermediate formed when substrate binds to active site

Product

Final molecule released after catalysis

Apoenzyme

The incomplete protein lacking its requires cofactor/coenzyme

Holoenzyme

Complete active enzyme

Cofactor

Nonprotein inorganic substances required for activity

Coenzyme

Organic cofactors (often derived from vitamins) required for cataliysis.

Turnover Number

number of substrate molecules converted into product per unit of time.

What is the chemical nature of enzymes?

Complex proteins processing tertiary and quaternary structures.

What is the overall role of enzymes?

Speed up reactions without being altered.

How do enzymes work as catalysis to speed up reactions?

By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed (lower activation energy=faster reaction)

Proximity Effect

Bringing reactants together in close proximity

Orientation Effect

Holding reactants at exact orientation required for reaction to occur

Energy Effect

Lowering activation energy by inducing a strain on chemical bonds of substrate.

Catalytic Effect

Providing acidic, basic, or other functional groups directly at active site.

Oxidoreductases

Catalyze oxidation-reaction (redox) reactions

Transferases

Catalyze the transfer of a functional group (amino or phosphoryl group) between substrates

Hydrolases

Catalyze the cleavage/hydrolysis of substrates using water

Isomerases

Catalyze the rearrangement of atoms within. substrate to form an isomer

Lysases

Catalyze the joining/bonding of 2 molecules coupled with ATP hyhdrolysis

Kinases

Transfer a phosphoryl group between substrates

Transaminases

Transfer an amino group between substrates