Hisorry of Interiors Middle Ages

When were the Middle Ages?

330AD - 1400AD

The Middle Ages are sometimes referred to as ____________.

The Dark Ages

T/F: The Middle Ages created a transient lifestyle due to invasions and unrest.

True

What was the political/economic/social system of Europe during the Middle Ages?

Feudalism

Most of the architectural development during the Middle Ages was through what type of building?

Churches

What is belief to be the cause of the Bubonic Plague?

Fleas from rats

List the five main divisions of the arts in the Middle Ages

Early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque/Norman, and Gothic

The primary wood of the Gothic Period

Oak

Where did the Early Christian Period take place?

Central Italy

Where was the heart of the Byzantine Empire?

Constantinople

Where did the Romanesque Period take place?

France

Where did the Gothic Period take place?

France

Which emperor tolerated Christianity in the Roman Empire, before eventually converting to Christianity?

Constantine

Which division of the arts used Roman prototypes?

Early Christian

During the Early Christian Period, _______ were used for burial; they did not believe in cremation

Catacombs

Which document issued by Constantine allowed for the tolerance of all religions?

Edict of Milan

Symbols of this period are the cross, fish, dove, lamb, Christ, Mary, the apostles, and various saints

Early Christian

Most churches during the Early Kirstin Period use what floor plan?

Latin Cross Plan

T/F: The Byzantine Empire was also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire

True

In the Byzantine Period, what building material replaced concrete?

Brick

Most important element inside Byzantine churches?

Domes

Largest enclosed space in the world for almost 1000 years; built by Constantine as a church

Hagia Sophia

Architects of Hagia Sophia

Isdore and Anthemius

Byzantine Capitals

When did the Islamic Period take place?

7-17th Centuries

What does “Islam” mean?

“To surrender to the will of God”

7th Century Islam was centered around the teachings from prophet ________, protecting a faith in one god, ____

Muhammad; Allah

Islamic art and architecture had an emphasis on ______

Religion

Most prominent decoration in Islamic architecture

Arabesque

Lavish Islamic interiors were often created using which building material?

Tile

T/F: Islamic architecture often had gendered spaces.

True

Characteristics of Islamic architecture

Unique arches, niches, small columns, horseshoe arches, multilobe arches, domes of various shapes

Most famous monument of Islamic architecture; fortress complex; located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain

Alhambra

T/F: islamic architecture often contained many animals and figures as motifs

False

Where did the Muslims (Islam) get most of their architectural concepts?

From their conquered people

Islamic Mosques were used for _____

Worship

Islamic Madrasahs were used for _______

Education

Islamic mausoleums were used as ________

Burial tombs

What were the four main types of Islamic architecture?

Mosques, Madrasahs, Mausoleums, and Forts/Palaces

Most famous Islamic Mausoleum

Taj Mahal

Main reception in Islamic architecture

Iwan

Islamic building materials

Brick, local stone, marbles, stucco, glazed tile, wood, metal, tile mosaics

T/F: Persian rugs we’re knotted, making them easy to roll up and load onto horses

True

What were the years of the Romanesque Period?

8th century - 1150AD

What was the only surviving major institution of the Romanesque Period?

Catholic Church

Romanesque arches and shapes are ________

Rounded

Motifs in Romanesque architecture

Animals, grotesques, fantastic figures, foliage, Linenfold, stars, zigzags

In the Romanesque Period, people could not read or write. How did they teach/learn during this period?

Thought the use of architectural elements

Romanesque Capitals

T/F: Romanesque columns typically had a fluted shaft

False

What other purposes (besides religious) did Romanesque churches serve?

Safe havens for travelers

Characteristics of Romanesque architecture

Towers, buttresses, ribbed vaults, thick walls, few windows

T/F: Romanesque churches typically had few furnishings

True

Nave Durham Cathedral (Romanesque)

Pisa Cathedral

One of the most prominent features in Romanesque churches, specifically the Nave Durham Cathedral

Transverse Arches

Earliest barrel vault; needs thick walls

Nave Vault

Most powerful Mediterranean city during the Romanesque Period

Pisa

Where does the term “Gothic” come from?

Germanic goths who invaded and conquered Western Europe

Motifs of Gothic Period

Heraldic devices, pointed arches, trefoils, quatrefoils, cinquefoils, gargoyles, dwarfs, birds, foliage, oak leaves, crockets, and linenfolds

Cluster columns, tracery, large windows, and stained glass belong to which period?

Gothic

During what years was the Cathedral of Notre Dame built?

1163-1250

Which famous cathedral burned in 2019?

Notre Dame

All furniture on this test come from what period?

Gothic Period

What Gothic architectural element allowed for weight of heavy ceilings to be pushed down and supported by the bottom of the structure?

Flying Buttress

Arches in the Gothic Period took what shape?

Pointed

What structure was used for dining, amusement, and sleeping; also served as a courtroom; Serfs typically lived here (around 100-500) to serve the lord of the palace.

The Great Hall

Served as entertainers in the Great Hall

Troubadors

T/F: Double beds became popular in the Gothic Age

True

How did Gothic churches usually depict Jesus?

During his final death on the cross; a gruesome scene

Cathedral of Notre Dame (Gothic)

Interior of Notre Dame

Nave of Chartres Cathedral (Gothic)

Cathedral in Milan

King College Chapel (Gothic)

Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey, London

Interior of a Gothic Great Hall

Gothic Interior

Artwork of Gothic Interior

Book of Hours of Catherine of Cleaves (Gothic)

The Annunciation by Roger Van de Weyden

Gothic Manuscript of Great Hall

Gothic Castle

Gothic Credence; Used for food storage and serving

15th century French carved Oak Chair (Gothic)

15th century Gothic Amoire (Armor); used for armor storage in castles and structures.

Gothic Dressoir

Gothic English oak cupboard

Gothic French dining table; could fold out to accommodate more people

Gothic German castle door

Gothic Oak stool

Alhambra (Islamic)

Alcazar (Islamic)

Islamic interior

Topaki Palace (Islamic)

Persian Rugs

S Maria Cosmedin (Early Christian)

Early Christian Basilica

Hagia Sophia (Byzantine)

Interior of Hagia Sophia (Byzantine)