Translational Research Midterm

All information leading up to midterm with use of microsoft copilot for examples, definitions, and answers.

T0 research

basic biomedical research

T0 examples

pre-clinical & animal studies - not human

T1 research

translation to humans in highly-controlled settings

T1 examples

proof of concept studies / Phase 1 clinical trials

T1 research focus

methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

T2 research

translation to patients

T2 research examples

phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, controlled studies leading to clinical application

T2 research focus

clinical application and evidence-based guidelines

T3 research

translation to practice

T3 examples

comparative effectiveness research, post-marketing studies, clinical outcome research, and health services

T4 research

translation to communities

T4 examples

population level outcomes, monitoring morbidity, mortality, benefits & risks, and impacts of policy

What are the four stages of T1-T4 research continuum?

Lab → human studies

Humans → guidelines

guidelines → clinical practice

clinical practice → population impact

Peer-review scientific articles

• written by scholars/researchers

• specialized format

• have abstract & bibliography

• scientific language

Popular scientific articles

• written by journalists/writers with possible experience on topic

• no specialized format

• rarely have abstract or bibliography

• limited editorial review

• general public language

T/F: increase in quality of evidence lowers risk of bias

True

Which section of scientific article gives brief summary of entire paper?

the abstract

Which section of scientific article explains hoe study was conducted?

the methods

T/F: title of scientific article is usually short and catchy using lay language

False. scientific articles are concise, descriptive, and use scientific terminology

Which section of scientific article is usually short and catchy using lay language?

the discssion

Where will you find statistics, charts, and figures?

the results

What type of literature is a scientific journal article written by biologist?

primary literature presents original research conducted by authors

Why are textbooks or laboratory notes NOT primary literature?

• textbook is secondary due to summary of many studies

• notes are observations not peer reviewed

Why do scientific journal articles include abstracts at beginning?

Provide concise summary of work, abstract can be included in search database, and importance quickly assessed

What section is not a basic section of quantitative research paper?

Criticisms

How to identify primary literature?

having original results by researchers who performed study

(produces data)

How to identify secondary literature?

summarizes and analyzes primary research

(synthesizes data)

How to identify tertiary literature?

compiled summaries of primary and secondary literature used for reference/education

(teaches data)

Correlation definition

two variables are related or occur together

Correlation example

ice cream sales and drowning increase in the summer

Note: correlated but ice cream does not cause drowning

Causation definition

one variable directly causes a change in another

Causation example

Smoking causes lung cancer

Note: cause and effect

What does PICOTS used for?

framework to develop a focused research question and guide evidence-based practice

Name meaning of each letter of PICTOS

Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time, Setting

Example of PICTOS: “In adults with type 2 diabetes, does nutrition counseling compared to standard care improve HbA1c levels over 6 months in outpatient clinics?'“

P: adults with type 2 diabetes, I: Nutrition counseling, C: standard care, O: improved HbA1c, T: 6 months, S: Outpatient clinics

What is the deficiency for scurvy and why?

Vitamin C deficiency due to long voyages without fresh produce

What is deficiency for beriberi and why?

Thiamin (B1) deficiency due to heavy reliance on polished rice

What is deficiency for pellagra and why?

Niacin (B3) deficiency due to cornmeal-dominant diets

What is deficiency for rickets and why?

Vitamin D deficiency due poor diets plus limited sunlight