SAS 13 Disease and Society: ICD, Disease Classification, and Epidemiology

What is the primary focus of SAS 13?

The relationship between disease and society.

What percentage of response rate was reported as of late morning?

38% response rate.

What resources are available for SAS 13 students?

Lecture slides, audio recordings, and graphics/images used in lectures.

What should students check if they missed an announcement?

Canvas notification settings.

How many genetic diseases are there approximately?

Over 6,000 genetic diseases.

What classification scheme is used for diseases?

Disease taxonomy.

What does ICD-10 stand for?

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.

What is the purpose of ICD codes?

To track mortality statistics and public health/morbidity data.

What was the first version of the International Classification of Diseases?

ICD-1, published in 1893.

How are ICD codes used in public health?

To track diseases like cancer and flu, and to budget prevention programs.

What is cyclosporiasis?

An intestinal illness caused by the microscopic parasite Cyclospora.

How is cyclosporiasis typically transmitted?

Through the oral-fecal route, usually by contaminated food.

What happens during a patient visit regarding ICD codes?

The doctor logs an ICD-10 code that is sent to a surveillance platform.

What was scaled back by the CDC in July 2025 regarding cyclospora?

Mandatory reporting requirements and funding for lab equipment.

What does the ICD code A07.4 represent?

Cyclospora infection.

What triggers agricultural and grocery supply chain alerts?

Monitoring spikes in diseases like cyclosporiasis.

What is the significance of the ICD-10 code in healthcare?

It helps in tracking disease outbreaks and informing public health responses.

What is the role of the CDC in response to disease outbreaks?

Issuing public health alerts, updating clinical guidance, and providing hospital support.

What are the chapters in the ICD-10 related to tuberculosis?

Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases and Chapter XIII: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues.

What is the relationship between ICD codes and geographic mapping?

ICD codes are used to create geographic maps that alert health authorities about disease prevalence.

What is the significance of the announcement regarding Canvas notifications?

Students need to set notifications to be alerted immediately about important announcements.

What is an example of a disease classified under tuberculosis in ICD-10?

Tuberculosis of bones and joints.

What is the importance of disease taxonomy in public health?

It provides a structured classification for understanding and managing diseases.

What is the main challenge highlighted in the course regarding diseases?

The vast number of diseases makes it impossible to cover all in the class.

What does ICD stand for?

International Classification of Diseases

What is the primary purpose of ICD codes?

To classify and code diseases for health records and statistics.

Since when have most US death certificates included an ICD code?

Since 1977.

How are ICD codes used by government health authorities?

To track diseases, understand their spread, and budget for prevention programs.

What is an example of an ICD-10-CM code for a disease?

K71.51 - Toxic liver disease with chronic active hepatitis with ascites.

What is the significance of using ICD-10-CM codes?

To facilitate communication about diseases, similar to police scanner codes.

What percentage of healthcare spending may be considered waste?

Approximately 30%.

What are some causes of waste in healthcare spending?

Failure of care delivery, failure of care coordination, overtreatment, pricing failure, fraud, and administrative complexity.

How are ICD-10/11 codes organized?

By body systems and causes (etiology) such as infectious, genetic, and environmental.

What is an example of an infectious disease classified by ICD?

Cholera caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

What is the genetic disease mentioned that is also infectious?

Cystic fibrosis.

Who discovered the role of diet in beriberi?

Christiaan Eijkman.

What was Eijkman's initial hypothesis about beriberi?

That it was caused by a bacterium.

What did Eijkman conclude about polished rice?

That polished rice is not toxic but lacks vitamin B1, leading to beriberi.

What is the 'anti beriberi factor' identified by Eijkman?

Thiamin (vitamin B1).

Why did beriberi become common in Southeast Asia in the late 19th century?

Due to the processing of rice which removed the husk and vitamin B1.

What is the current status of beriberi as a common disease?

It is no longer common due to the enrichment of food items with vitamin B1 since the 1940s.

What are the symptoms of beriberi?

Severe fatigue and heart failure.

What does the term 'etiology' refer to in disease classification?

The cause or origin of a disease.

What is the significance of the ICD-10-CM in billing?

It helps extract billable information from medical records.

What is the ICD-10-CM code for accidental poisoning by aspirin?

T39.011.

What does the ICD-10-CM code C50.212 represent?

Malignant neoplasm of upper-inner quadrant of left female breast.

What is the etiology of diseases?

Etiology refers to the cause or origin of a disease.

What type of disease is beriberi?

Beriberi is a nutritional deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin B1.

How did colonial practices contribute to the beriberi epidemic?

Colonial practices helped cause the epidemic, and colonial beliefs prolonged it.

What is food insecurity?

Food insecurity is the lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life.

What is anaemia?

Anaemia is a condition characterized by a lower than normal number of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration due to low iron levels.

What are some examples of nutritional deficiency diseases?

Examples include goiter (iodine deficiency) and vitamin C deficiency.

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

Heart disease is the leading cause of death, accounting for 694,708 deaths (22%).

How many deaths were linked to cancer in the US?

Cancer accounted for 622,832 deaths.

What was the death toll of the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa?

The outbreak resulted in 11,325 deaths.

What is excess mortality?

Excess mortality refers to deaths above what is historically expected.

What percentage of Americans had died of Covid-19 by September 2023?

About 0.35% of Americans had died of Covid-19.

What was the total number of Covid-19 deaths in the US by September 2023?

The total number of Covid-19 deaths was 1,176,778.

How many total Covid-19 cases were reported in the US by September 2023?

Total cases reported were 108,711,001.

What is the significance of the 630,000 white flags at the National Mall in September 2021?

They represented the number of deaths due to Covid-19.

What is the death toll linked to chronic lower respiratory diseases in the US?

Chronic lower respiratory diseases accounted for 148,408 deaths.

How many deaths were caused by diabetes in the US?

Diabetes caused 95,229 deaths.

What is the death toll from influenza and pneumonia in the US?

Influenza and pneumonia accounted for 56,511 deaths.

What is the mortality rate of kidney disease in the US?

Kidney disease caused 55,378 deaths.

What was the provisional data for drug overdose deaths in 2025?

There were 69,973 drug overdose deaths.

What is the ICD-11 code for old age as a cause of death?

The ICD-11 code for old age is MG2A.

What was the number of deaths linked to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis?

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis accounted for 51,941 deaths.

What are the projected US deaths linked to Covid-19 in 2025?

Provisional data for 2025 indicates a significant number of deaths linked to Covid-19.

What is the significance of the term 'non-COVID-19 excess deaths'?

It refers to deaths that exceed the expected number not directly attributed to Covid-19.

What is the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on overall mortality?

The Covid-19 pandemic significantly increased overall mortality rates.

What was the total number of COVID-19 cases reported in the USA by September 29, 2023?

108,711,001 cases

What was the total number of COVID-19 deaths reported in the USA by September 29, 2023?

1,176,778 deaths

What is the case fatality rate (CFR) for COVID-19 as of September 29, 2023?

1.1%

How many active COVID-19 cases were reported in the USA by September 29, 2023?

1,059,798 active cases

What does 'excess mortality' measure?

The difference between observed and expected deaths

If 1,000 cases of a disease are reported and 50 deaths occur, what is the case fatality rate?

5%

What is the definition of prevalence in disease epidemiology?

The total number of diseased individuals in a population

What is the definition of incidence in disease epidemiology?

The number of new cases over a defined period of time

What is the mortality rate?

How many people in a given population die from a disease

What is the significance of the 7-day moving average in COVID-19 data?

It smooths out daily fluctuations in case numbers to provide a clearer trend

What is the total number of COVID-19 tests conducted in the USA by September 29, 2023?

1,186,198,602 tests

What is the population of the USA as of September 29, 2023?

334,805,269

What is the formula for calculating the case fatality rate?

Total deaths / (Total deaths + Total recovered) X 100%

What is the difference between confirmed, probable, and suspect cases in COVID-19 classification?

Confirmed cases are verified by testing, probable cases are likely based on symptoms, and suspect cases are those that may not meet full criteria for testing.

What type of test detects the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid?

Nucleic acid test (PCR)

What does an antigen test detect?

Viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2

What do antibody tests measure in relation to COVID-19?

The immune response to infection with COVID-19

What is the significance of the term 'morbidity' in disease studies?

It refers to the prevalence of disease within a population

What does the term 'active cases' refer to in the context of COVID-19?

Individuals currently infected with the virus

How many new COVID-19 cases were reported daily by September 29, 2023?

4,557 new cases

What is the total number of deaths per million people in the USA due to COVID-19?

3,515 deaths per million

What is the importance of understanding the age demographic in COVID-19 mortality rates?

It helps to assess risk factors and healthcare needs based on age-related vulnerabilities

What is the relationship between underdiagnosed cases and case fatality rates?

Case fatality rates may be overestimated if mild or asymptomatic cases are not counted

What does the term 'cumulative' refer to in the context of COVID-19 data?

The total number of cases or deaths accumulated over time

What does a '7-day average' help to illustrate in COVID-19 statistics?

It provides a more stable measure of trends by averaging daily case counts