Food Medicine Test 1

What is gelatin?

Processed collagen that gives gummies a chewy texture.

Where does gelatin's collagen come from?

Structural protein in bones and skin.

Why is gelatin an incomplete protein?

Missing essential amino acids, low BV, poor for muscle repair.

What are food dyes made from per the slide?

Petroleum-derived chemical building blocks, not crude oil.

What are chronic diseases?

Long-term, noncontagious, and largely preventable.

Key chronic-disease risk factors?

Poor diet/inactivity, tobacco/alcohol, genetics, economic factors.

What happens as societies urbanize and incomes rise?

Nutrition and epidemiological transitions occur.

What is epidemiological transition?

Shift toward metabolic disease/cancers from infections/deficiencies.

What is nutrition transition?

Shift toward energy-dense diets with more fat and added sugar.

What is the #1 factor in food choice?

Taste.

Delayed fetal growth raises risk of what?

CHD, stroke, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

Large birth size is linked with what?

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Breastfeeding may lower later risk of what?

Obesity.

What infant-milk factors may affect later cholesterol?

Milk cholesterol level and fatty-acid type.

Abnormal growth in infancy/childhood can lead to what?

Greater chronic-disease risk later in life.

What is the body's main energy-source nutrient?

Carbohydrate.

Complex carbohydrates are characterized how?

Slow digestion, sustained energy, high fiber/nutrients.

Examples of complex carbohydrates?

Whole grains, beans, and vegetables.

Simple carbohydrates are characterized how?

Fast digestion, glucose spikes, low fiber/nutrients.

Examples of simple carbohydrates?

Sugary/refined foods, sweet drinks, fruits, honey, milk.

What is fiber?

The part of grains and plant foods that cannot be digested.

What does insoluble fiber do?

Binds water and helps bowel movements/prevents constipation.

What does soluble fiber do?

Reduces blood cholesterol and heart-disease risk.

What is ketosis?

Breaking down body fat for energy, producing usable ketones.

What does RDA stand for?

Recommended Dietary Allowance.

Who establishes the RDA in the slide?

Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences.

What can excess protein burden?

Bones, kidneys, and liver.

High-protein/high-meat diets are linked with what?

CHD risk from saturated fat/cholesterol and possible cancer.

What oil amount is shown as a daily requirement?

6 teaspoons or 2 tablespoons.

What causes weight gain regardless of macronutrient?

Energy intake exceeding energy expenditure.

How is excess energy stored?

As triglycerides.

Which nutrients are public-health concerns?

Calcium, potassium, dietary fiber, and vitamin D.

What microbes are included in the microbiome?

Bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Major microbiome functions?

Fat storage, nutrient absorption, toxin breakdown, tissue renewal, immunity.

What is gut microbiota?

The microorganisms that typically live in the gut.

Which two gut groups are highlighted?

Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.

Is everyone's microbiome identical?

No; microbe numbers and amounts vary greatly.

How can beneficial gut microbes protect us?

Adhere to gut wall, make antimicrobials, produce mucin.

What is the intestinal mucosa?

The innermost layer of the GI tract.

What tissue makes up the mucosa?

Epithelium.

Which immunoglobulin is highlighted in gut mucosa?

IgA.

What is peristalsis?

The process that moves food through the digestive system.

What does the small intestine do?

Digests food and extracts nutrients for absorption.

What is the colon?

The large intestine.

What are colonocytes?

Epithelial cells that act as gatekeepers of the gut.

Where are more bacteria: mouth or stomach?

The oral cavity.

What is dental plaque?

A biofilm of bacteria, saliva, and other components.

Where is the largest number of bacterial cells found?

The large intestine.

What is dysbiosis?

Disturbed balance between protective and harmful gut bacteria.

How can antibiotic misuse cause problems?

It can contribute to antibiotic resistance.

What is a commensal relationship?

Organisms coexist without harming each other.

Do risk factors necessarily cause chronic disease?

No.

What are the major lifestyle risk factors?

Tobacco, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits.

What is metabolic syndrome?

A multifaceted syndrome.

How does the slide classify obesity by itself?

It says obesity by itself is NOT considered a disease.

What is visceral fat?

Fat that wraps around internal organs.

Visceral fat is linked with what?

Metabolic disease, insulin resistance, and increased death risk.

What triggers obesity inflammation in the slide?

A metabolic trigger associated with excess high-fat diet.

Traditional inflammation can be triggered by what?

Pathogens, parasites, foreign bodies, or injured tissue.

How are Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes labeled?

Bacteroidetes 'good'; Firmicutes 'bad' in the slide.

Diabetes is a leading cause of what 3 outcomes?

Kidney failure, non-injury amputations, new adult blindness.

What influences Type 2 diabetes risk?

Genetics and obesity.

What do insulin and glucagon regulate?

Blood glucose and energy storage.

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

The pancreas.

What can elevated blood glucose cause?

Blood-vessel damage and cardiovascular disease.

What is atherosclerosis?

Hardening of arteries with fatty cholesterol plaques.

Where does dietary cholesterol come from?

Animal-product sources.

HDL is linked with what?

Decreased risk of heart disease.

LDL is linked with what?

Increased risk of heart disease.

What can atherosclerotic narrowing do?

Reduce oxygen-rich blood reaching heart muscle.

What is an important trigger in atherosclerosis?

Oxidation.

What do free radicals do to LDL?

Oxidize it; oxidized LDL is linked to heart disease.

What are the two types of inflammation?

Acute and chronic.

Common signs of inflammation?

Redness, swelling, warmth, sometimes pain/immobility.

What are cytokines?

Small signaling molecules that can activate inflammation.

What anti-inflammatory component is highlighted?

Omega-3 fatty acids.

Which antioxidant nutrients are highlighted?

Vitamins E and C, plus beta-carotene.

What are the 3 stages of cancer development?

Initiation, promotion, progression.

Which foods can form HCA/PAHs when blackened?

Meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish.

What is the slide cue for PAH vs HCA?

Fat flares = PAH; blackened skin = HCA.

What bacterium is linked with stomach cancer?

Helicobacter pylori.

Why does cancer risk increase with age?

More time for mutations to accumulate.

What does the slide say about 'superfoods'?

Mostly marketing; no single food makes a major difference.

Only how many viruses cause human cancer?

Only a few viruses that infect human cells.

What can chemicals/radiation do in cancer development?

Damage genes.

What can viruses do in cancer development?

Introduce their own genes into cells.

What can heredity do in cancer development?

Pass altered genes that increase cancer susceptibility.

What are probiotics?

Live microorganisms that confer health benefits in adequate amounts.

What are kefir grains made of?

Bacteria/yeast with casein and complex sugars.

Are all probiotics LAB?

No.

Name common probiotic genera.

Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactococcus.

What happens in lactic fermentation?

Bacteria feed on sugar/starch and create lactic acid.

What is biopreservation?

Extending food shelf life and safety using microorganisms.

Does every yogurt contain probiotics?

No.

What is tempeh made from?

Fermented whole soybeans.

What does SCOBY stand for?

Symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast.

Are all pickles fermented?

No; vinegar can mimic the sour flavor.

Why should probiotics not be overheated?

Heat kills probiotics.

How can probiotics block pathogens?

Occupy intestinal adhesion sites and compete for nutrients.

What are prebiotics?

Non-digestible ingredients fermented by gut microbes.