Management Test 2

What is Job Satisfaction?

A pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job/job experiences. 

What is the Value-Percept Theory?

Does your job supply what you value?

• Dissatisfaction = (V(want) - V(have)) x (V(importance) 

What components add up to equal Job Satisfaction?

Pay satisfaction, promotion satisfaction, supervision satisfaction, coworker satisfaction, satisfaction with the work itself

What is the Job Characteristics Theory?

Jobs are more intrinsically enjoyable when work tasks are challenging and fulfilling 

What are the 5 Core Job Characteristics?

Task Variety, Task Identity, Task Significance, Autonomy, Feedback

What is Task Variety?

Requires different activities which require different skills and talents (Aare you doing the same thing every day? Or different?) 

What is Task Identity?

Completing whole, identifiable, piece of work from beginning to end which is visible (The extent to which you get to see some task all the way through to some identifiable outcome) 

What is Task Significance?

Substantial impact on lives of other people and world at large (First responders, law, teachers, social workers)

What is Autonomy?

Freedom, independence, discretion (The freedom to act on your own volition)

What is Feedback?

Clear info about what they’ve done/are doing (Are we getting information about how we’re doing? What we should do next? Or are you adrift?) 

What are Emotions characterized by?

Intense, shorter in duration, directly attributable (You can point at something and say that’s what caused it—like road rage) 

What are Moods characterized by?

• Less intense, longer in duration, not directly attributable

What are Positive Affects?

Joy, Pride

What are Negative Affects?

Anger, Anxiety, Fear, Guilt, Shame, Sadness, Envy, Disgust

What is Emotional Labor?

Emotional Labor (Don’t display the emotion we want to exhibit — flight attendants; you don’t see their emotions.) 

• Surface Acting (More draining — hard to do. Sometimes people can spot fakeness) 

• Deep Acting (Try to internalize the experience that you’re expected to display. Let’s make the best of it—I have to be here anyway! Shrink distance between expected display and the actual. Less laborious. Also more genuine—you’re trying.).  

What is Emotional Conagion?

• Catching” or “being infected by” emotions of those around us. (Wet blankets) 

What are the 2 components of Emotional Displays and Transference?

Emotional Labor and Emotional Contagion

What is Personality?

The structures and propensities inside a person that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior 

Where does your Personality come from?

Nature vs. Nurture (Both)

• Minnesota Twins Study — 35-49% of variation due to genetics 

• Stable over time, across situations, internally-caused (doesn’t depend on the situation/location), and relatively abstract. 

What are the 5 Big Personalities? (CANOE)

Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience

What are the aspects of Conscientiousness?

Dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, perservering. 

• Trait most correlated to Job Performance & Leadership emergence 

• More likely to rise to leadership position, but not necessarily effective in it. (Not about task completion anymore, but leading other people) 

What are the aspects of Agreeableness?

Kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous, and warm. (Avoid conflict) 

What are the aspects of Neuroticism?

The propensity to experience negative emotions (Opposite of emotional stability) 

• Nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous and unstable. 

What are the aspects of Extraversion?

Talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, and dominant. 

• Where do you get your energy from? 

• Social battery 

What are the aspects of Openness to Experience?

Curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated 

What are Cultural Values?

Shared beliefs about desirable end states or models of conduct in a given culture 

What are Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Values?

Individualism-Collectivism, Uncertainty—Avoidance, Masculinity—Femininity, Short-term vs. Long-term Orientation

What is Ability?

The relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different, but related, activities. 

• In contrast to skills, which are more trainable and improvable 

• As with personality, about half of the variation in ability levels is due to genetics. 

What is Cognitive Ability?

Capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving 

What are the different Aspects of Cognitive Ability?

Verbal, Quantitative, Reasoning, Spatial, Perceptual

What is Verbal Ability?

Oral/Written comprehension & expression 

• Executives 

What is Quantitative Ability?

Number facility/Mathematical reasoning (Numeracy, Pattern recognition) 

• Accountants 

What is Reasoning Ability?

Problem sensitivity/Deductive & Inductive reasoning/Originality (Problem solving, stringing along facts, how you explain things) 

• Lawyers/Judges 

What is Spatial Ability?

Spatial Orientation/Visualization 

• Photographers 

What is Perceptual Ability?

Speed & Flexibility or closure/Perceptual speed (How do you take in information that quickly and make sense of it? 

• First responders. 

What is Emotional Intelligence?

Capabilities related to the management and use of emotions when interacting with others. 

• Especially vital in jobs that require a lot of “emotional labor”

What are the Variations of Emotional Intelligence?

Self-awareness, Other awareness, Emotional Regulation, Use of Emotions

What is Self-Awareness?

The ability of an individual to understand the types of emotions he/she is experiencing, the willingness to acknowledge them, and the capability to express them accurately 

• Kind of decreases lately with AI 

What is Other Awareness?

The ability of an individual to recognize and understand the emotions that other individuals are feeling 

• Can you recognize the emotional experiences of others? If they’re having a bad day? How they say something, not what) 

What is Emotional Regulation?

The ability to quickly recover from emotional experiences and control one’s feelings 

• Emotional Labor

What is Use of Emotions

The ability of an individual to harness emotions and use them to improve their chances of being successful in a given area 

• Using that recognition of emotions to get what you want.  Ask for extra credit when the professor is happy.  

• Sales people are great at this. 

What is Physical Ability?

The physical capabilities of an individual according to the nature of a job.

What are the different Components of Physical Ability?

Strength, Stamina, Flexibility and coordination, Psychomotor, Sensory

What are the aspects of Strength?

Lifting, burst of force, continuous exertion 

• Firefighter 

• Can you repeatedly lift 40 lbs.? Core job requirement. 

What are the aspects of Stamina?

Flexibility and coordination. Degree/speed of bending, balance 

• Farmers, Doctors 

What are the aspects of Flexibility and Coordination?

Degree/speed of bending, balance 

• Painters (Stilts, hard to reach places.) 

What are the aspects of Psychomotor?

Quick, precise, steady movements 

• Surgeon 

What are the aspects of Sensory?

Detecting, seeing, hearing, focusing, etc. 

• Pilot 

What does the Matching Challenge and Ability graph measure?

State of flow/vital engagement. How to get there? 

• Responsibility to coach and train people's abilities & THE CHALLENGE YOU PRESENT THEM WITH matches their ability level 

• If the challenge someone is presented matches their ability, they enter a flow state (In the zone). 

What happens if Ability outpaces Challenge?

You first face the problem of NOSTALGIA (I remember when that used to be hard)

Then you face BOREDOM (Overqualified) 

What happens if Challenge outpaces Ability?

You first face DOUBT (I’ve never done this before. Can I get this done?)

Then you face ANXIETY (Go through fictional scenarios in your head. Imposter syndrome) 

What to do if someone’s Ability outpaces Challenge?

Leaders should push them & give them more work 

What to do if someone’s Challenge outpaces Ability?

Leaders should reduce the challenge (immediate action), or coach them and give them more support (Long term). 

What are the Effects of General Cognitive Ability on Performance and Commitment?

People with strong levels of cognitive development have high job performance levels 

• Doesn’t mean that they have higher loyalty, though. Or commitment. (You have options elsewhere) 

What is Stress?

A psychological response to demands where there is something at stake and where coping with the demands taxes or exceeds a person’s capacity or resources 

• Demands > Resources (to complete them) 

What is Work Hinderance?

Role conflict, Role ambiguity, Role Overload, Daily Stressors

What are Challenge Stressors?

Stressful demands that people tend to perceive as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement 

• Trigger positive emotions, pride, and enthusiasm 

• Eustress 

• Time pressure, work complexity (Nuances?), work responsibility (your responsible for your good work) 

What are Workplace Hinderance Stressors?

Stressful demands that people tend to perceive as hindering their progress toward personal accomplishments or goals. 

• Role conflict, role ambiguity (don’t know what you need to do), role overload (too much on your plate), daily hassles 

What are Non-work Challenge Stressors?

Family time demands, personal development, positive life events 

What are Non-Work Hinderance Stressors?

Work-family conflict, financial uncertainty, negative life events 

What are the Behavioral Methods of Coping with Stressors?

• (Problem Focused) Working Harder, Seeking assistance, Acquiring additional Resources, “Just do it” 

• (Emotional—focused) Engaging in alternative activities, Seeking support, Venting anger, “Walk/Run” 

What are the Cognitive Methods of Coping with Stressors?

• (Problem-Focused) Strategizing, Self-motivatig, Changing-priorities, “To-do lists” 

• (Emotion Focused) Avoiding/distancing/ignoring, Looking for the positive in the negative, Reappraising, “Will this matter?” 

 

What are the different forms of Support to cope with Stressors?

Social Support 

• Instrumental support — Can be used to address demand directly 

• Ex: Talking about some work, suggestions to help solve issues, etc. 

Emotional Support — Can be used to address emotional distress resultant of demand 

• Ex: Showing interest, being empathetic, shoulder to cry on, etc. 

• “Do you want me to fix it, or do you want me to listen?” 

What are the different Types of Strain?

Pysiological Strain, Psychological Strain, Behavioral Strain

What is Physiological Strain?

Your body. When your heart starts pumping faster—your vessels constrict. Cholesterol issues.  

What is Psychological Strain?

Depression and anxiety. Reduced confidence and diminished self-esteem. You don’t feel worthy of something. Burned out. Emotional exhaustion. Can’t continue on. 

What is Behavioral Strain?

Turn towards other things that make you feel better. Substance abuse. Drinking. Overeating.  

What are the Effects of Hinderance Stressors on Performance and Commitment?

• You’ll leave if you’re constantly under hindrance stress. 

• Challenge stress leads to some degree (moderate) of commitment and higher job performance. (Depends on the type of stress)