History 418 Exam

When was Peter I a ruler of the Russian Empire?

1689-1725

When was Catherine I a ruler of the Russian Empire?

1725-1727

When was Anna Ioannovna a ruler of the Russian Empire?

1730-1740

When was Ivan VI a ruler of the Russian Empire?

1740-1741 (assassinated)

When was Elizabeth Petrovna a ruler of the Russian Empire?

1741-1762

When was Peter III a ruler of the Russian Empire?

1762 (he was assasinated)

When was Catherine II a ruler of the Russian Empire?

1762-1796

When was Paul I a ruler of the Russian Empire?

1796-1801 (assassinated)

When was the Legislative Commission

1767-1768

What did the legislative commission do?

Replaced the 1649 legal code, was an effort by Catherine II to distinguish herself from Peter III

Which ruler particularly hated Moscow and its design?

Catherine II

When was the Pugachev Rebellion

1773-1774

What was the 1775 Provincial Reform

New provincial (guberniia) borders, subdivided into districts (uezdy) of standardized sizes. This led to the decentralization and delegation of authority to local elites.

Explain what the main ideas of Catherine II’s Charter to the Nobility were

It was to appease the nobles who wanted clearer ideas of their standing in society. This was passed in 1785 and focused on nobles having the sole right to purchase serfs, the passing on of their status, due process of the law, being freed from the soul tax, etc.

What is Rus

a constellation of principalities, not a unitary state, prior to the Russian Empire

What city was the capital of Rus

Kiev

When did Rus’ centrality transfer from Kiev to Moscow?

After the Tartar-Mongols overtook Kiev and Moscow became the religious center as well

Who adopted Christianity for the Russian Empire?

Prince Vladimir in 988

From where did Russia acquire Christianity?

The Byzantine Empire

Who was Riurik?

Started Rus. Riurik was a legendary Varangian prince who is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Kievan Rus', establishing the ruling dynasty in the late 9th century.

When did Ivan III have a conquest of Novgorod?

1478

When did Ivan IV (the Terrible) rule?

Ivan IV ruled from 1547 to 1584, becoming the first Tsar of Russia.

Who was the first ruler to call themself a “tsar”

Ivan IV

When was the fall of Constantinople

1453

What were Nikon’s Reforms and the Schism of 1666?

They were an alignment with Greek Orthodoxy, the centralization of church power, and the fight between Russian Orthodoxy vs Old Belivers

Muscovy had no ______ law

Succession

What skills did the Russian Empire under Peter I look to develop in order to improve its military presence?

Math, shipbuilding, navigation

When was the Grand Tour?

1697-98

Where did the Grand Tour occur?

The Netherlands, England, Italy

Why did the Grand Tour occur?

It was a diplomatic mission for support against the Ottomans

When was the Great Northern War

1700-1721

Where did the Russians win during the Great Northern War?

Poltava

When was St. Petersburg established?

1703

What were some of Peter I’s major reforms?

The calendar reform, school of math and navigation, the senate, the colleges, the holy synod, the table of ranks, the poll tax, and the st petersburg academy of sciences

explain Peter I’s decree on a new calendar

….

Explain the Table of Ranks

…

When was the Table of Ranks introduced?

1722

Explain the decree on the compulsory education of the nobility

…

when was the decree on the compulsory education of the nobility issued

1714

What does soslovie mean

Estate

What were serf estates like

Indirect rule in the countryside with limited administrative resources, lots of variation within the Russian Empire

Approximately how many serfs & peasants were in the Russian Empire?

49.5 million total, 23 mil peasants, 23 mil serfs

What was August von Haxthausen’s view on the sef communes?

He romanticized them, said it was the cornerstone of a national idea and went on a tour of Imperial Russia in 1843. It’s an “organic, egalitarian, social structure” demonstrating “Russian exceptionalism”

When and what was Iamschiki and the Postal Relay System?

Peter I’s decree on the settlement of Iamschiki in St Petersberg province, which was in 1713. This moved state peasants to settle mid-route which was a very unfavorable policy.

When was Catherine’s Charter to the Nobility

1785

What was the main purpose of the Charter to the Towns in ____ year?

1785, people carrying out the craft of a townsperson, even if not one, must bear the townsperson’s taxes, services, and burdens. this was established because peasants would make crafts and sell them at the same places as the townspeople, but were not taxed.

Who was Aleksandr P Miliukov

He was born in 1817 to the Moscow townsperson society, but he crossed soslovie boundaries by attending primary school and eventually getting permission to go to secondary school somewhere else. This was important because it defied the boundaries and his spot as a townsperson had to be replaced by another in order to limit the tax burden opn others.

When was the French Revolution?

1789

When was Napolean Bonaparte’s rule?

1799-1814

Which war could be considered the first total war?

The Napoleonic Wars

When did the French invade Imperial Russia?

1812

When and under which ruler were the three partitions of Poland?

1772, 1792, 1975, under Catherine II

What was the second coalition?

…

When did imperial russia join and withdraw from the 2nd coalition?

1799, 1800 (under Paul 1)

Who was the third coalition with?

Britain, Austria, Sweden, Naples, Sicily, and Russia against France

Who was the fourth coalition with?

Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden

What was the Contintental system and when?

1806-1814…

Who was Russia obligated to fight against to enforce the Continental System, and when?

Sweden, 1809

Which famous figure continuously wanted to marry Alexander I’s sisters?

Napoleon

When did Alexander I withdraw from the Continental System?

1811

What were Speranskii’s big ideas?

Stabilize the government with administrative institutions and laws, while curbing limitless printing of paper rubles

When was Speranskii charged with treason?

March 1812

What was Alexander I’s proclomation about, and when?

July 18, 1812

Which countries were in the Holy Alliance?

Russia, Prussia, and Austria

Which leader in Imperial Russia had a big turn toward religion?

Alexander I

What was the weapons buy-back program after the war of 1812?

It was to buy back weapons from peasants who were mobilized in order to defeat the French. The Russian Empire did not want these people possessing weapons afterwards.

What was important about the Polish Constitution?

…

What was the Union of Salvation, and when?

1816, ….

What did the Society of United Slavs do, and when?

1823…

What is known from Pestel’s Testimony?

Pestel's testimony revealed key insights about the political turmoil in Russia, detailing the conditions leading to the Decembrist uprising and advocating for reform and modernization. He mentions “Every government wherein one person is the head of state, especially if it is hereditary, will inevitably end in despotism.”

When did Alexander I die, and what problem did that bring along?

November 19, 1825, which brought up the question of succession, He hated his son and made him give up his succession rights, so it then became a competition between Constantine and Nicholas. This led to confusion and conflict regarding the rightful heir to the throne, ultimately resulting in the Decembrist Revolt.

When was there an oath of allegiance and to who (Decembrist Revolt)?

December 14, 1825, to Tsar Nicholas I.

When was there an open rebellion and what happened after (Decembrist Revolt)?

The open rebellion occurred on December 14, 1825, when a group of Decembrists attempted to challenge Tsar Nicholas I's rule. The revolt was ultimately quelled by loyalist forces, leading to the execution and exile of several key participants.

What were the three main facets of Official Nationality?

Orthodoxy, autocracy, and Narodnost’ (nationality/the people)

What is the difference between Ruskii and Rossisskii?

Ruskii is the ethnicity while Rossiiskii are the people who live there, the residents/citizens

What is the intelligentsia?

The intelligentsia refers to the educated and cultural elite in society, often responsible for shaping public opinion and engaging in intellectual discourse. They have historically played a significant role in promoting social and political change.

What are slavophiles?

Slavophiles are individuals in 19th century Russia who valued Slavic culture, traditions, and the Orthodox faith, advocating for a distinct Russian identity and social order separate from Western influences.

What were the westernizers beliefs?

Westernizers believed in adopting Western European ideas, culture, and political systems to modernize Russia, seeing this as essential for national development and progress.

What is the main purpose of Chaadaev’s First Philosophical Letter, and when was it published?

The main purpose of Chaadaev's First Philosophical Letter, published in 1836, was to critique Russian society and its development, arguing for a departure from isolationism and the adoption of European philosophical ideas.

What is the sleeping beauty (primordial) conception of the nation?

The sleeping beauty (primordial) conception of the nation posits that nations are ancient, natural entities that have existed for centuries, emerging as a result of shared culture, language, and history rather than as social constructs. This idea suggests that nations have always been present, waiting to be recognized and awakened.

what is the “bride of frankenstein” (constructivist) conception of the nation?

The "bride of Frankenstein" (constructivist) conception of the nation suggests that nations are artificial constructs created through social, political, and historical processes. This perspective emphasizes that national identity is shaped and transformed over time rather than being an inherent characteristic.

what reading was the sleeping beauty and bride of Frankenstein conceptions derived from?

Kivelson and Suny “Disrupting the Easy Road from Empire to Nation-State”

when did the tatar-mongol empire collapse?

1450

When and what was the treaty of Lublin?

1569, had Polish-Lithuanian unification

What was the Hetmanate?

A Cossack state in Ukraine that existed from the mid-17th century until the mid-18th century, recognized through treaties with Russia.

When and what was the Khmel’nytsky Uprising?

The Khmel’nytsky Uprising was a Cossack revolt in 1648-67 led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky against Polish rule in Ukraine, resulting in the establishment of a Cossack state.

What was the importance of the Treaty of Pereiaslav, and when was it?

1654, and was important because the debate is, was it a partnership or subordination to Moscow by Ukraine?

When and what was the Truce of Andrusovo?

The Truce of Andrusovo was an agreement signed in 1667 that ended the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia, dividing Ukraine along the Dnieper River between the two powers.

When was the annexation of Crimea?

1783

What was Taras Shevchenko’s main criticisms in “Preface to Kobzar?”

He criticized social injustice, the oppression of serfs, and the loss of Ukrainian national identity. He specifically called out Gogol and him living in Russia instead, changing his name, and not using Ukrainian.

When and what was the Treaty of Georgievsk?

The Treaty of Georgievsk was signed in 1783 between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, establishing a protectorate over Georgia and affirming Russian support against foreign threats. They were in a really tough spot against the Persian Empire

When did Russia annex Kartil-Kakheti, and where was that?

1801, in Georgia

Who were the Lazarev’s and what was their institution about?

The Lazarevs were a prominent family in Russia known for their contributions to education and culture. Their institution, the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages, focused on teaching languages and promoting the study of Eastern cultures.

What did the Dukhobors believe?

The Dukhobors believed in pacifism, communal living, and the rejection of organized religion, emphasizing spiritual freedom and direct communion with God.

What was the Imamate in imperial Russia and when?

The Imamate in imperial Russia was a historical system of governance established by the Chechen and Ingush people, functioning as a theocratic state. It lasted from the early 19th century until its dissolution in 1859

What was the decree on free agriculturalists, and when?

1801, was a pathway out of serfdom through manumission, essentially the landowner legal basis into freeing individual serfs

When were the Baltics emancipation of sefs?

1816-1817

What was the issue with emancipating serfs?

It often led to poverty as now they were peasants with no land, no tools, and no resources.

What was the main purpose of The Nose by Nikolai Gogol?

To explore identity and societal norms through the absurd tale of a man who loses his nose, which becomes a separate entity. It specifically goes over the class issues, and how his nose acquired a higher status than him, and how Kovalyov cares more about his appearance and marrying up than actually losing his nose.

What was the piece “A Restriction on Education Opportunities for Nonprivledged Members of Russian Society” in 1827 about?

It aimed to limit educational access for the lower classes and marginalized groups, reinforcing social hierarchies and economic disparities in Russian society. it did allow them to go to some trades schools and gain certain skills.