Environmental Chemistry

What is an acid

substance that produces hydrogen ions when mixed with water. acids have a ph of 1-6

What is a base?

substance that produces hydroxide ions when mixed with water. bases have ph of 8-14

What does an indicator do?

it changes colour depending whether if the substance is an acid or a base

What is a neutralisation reaction?

when an acid and a base react to make salt and water

Word equation for neutralisation reactions

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Reactions of metal carbonates with acid

when a metal carbonate reacts with acid to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide gas

How does acid rain form?

Fossil fuels are burned and releases nitrate and sulfate gas, then it mixes with the water in the air which creates nitric and sulfuric acid

What is the impact of acid rain on carbonate materials?

it reacts with them, making them corrode

First 8 alkanes

methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane

What are covalent bonds?

2 atoms share their electrons to fill up their valence shells

Why do covalent bonds form?

They form because atoms want to have a full valence shell of electrons to become stable

what are alkanes made out of and whats holding them together

alkanes are made of hydrocarbons meaning they contain hydrogens and carbon atoms. there are intermolecular forces between alkane molecules which are weak forces holding them together.

If the alkanes are short, what is the trend of the boiling/melting point?

shorter hydrocarbons → smaller surface area of contact between molecules → fewer intermolecular forces → lower melting/boiling point

If alkanes are long, what is the trend of the boiling/melting point?

longer hydrocarbons → larger surface area of contact between molecules → more intermolecular forces → higher melting/boiling point

What is the numbers for electron config?

2, 8, 8, 18

What do you add on the end of an alkane when it is a alcohol?

You write the alkane and then OH at the end